²Ä¤Q¤T½g 
        ¼w°ê§ï±Ð«áªºµo®i
        ¡]1521¦~¨U¤ì´µ·|ij~1648¦~¼Ú¬w¤T¤Q¦~¾Ôª§µ²§ô¡^
        
          
            
              ¤@¡B»²Åª¤åÄm
              1. ¾ú¥v²z
  
              2. ¡m°ò·þ±Ðµo®i¥v¡n°ò·þ±Ð¤º³¡ªºª§½×
  
              3. ¶ø´µ³ù·|ij
  
              4. ¡m¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¡n
  
              5. ¼w·N§Ó¹A¥Á¾Ôª§
  
              6. ¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¦Û¬Ù»P§ï²
  
              7. ¤T¤Q¦~¾Ôª§¡]1618¦~¡ã1648¦~¡^
  
              8. ¤h¤å§J´´¯Sªº¥Í¥»P«ä·Q
  
              ¤G¡B¾ú¥v´ºÂI
              1. ¬I¬£º¸¡]Speyer¡^
  
              2. ¶ø´µ³ù¡]Augsburg¡^
  
              3. ¬I°¨¥[µn¡]Schmalkalden¡^
  
              4. C®³¡]Jena¡^
  
              5. ùÄ˳ù¡]Regensburg¡^
  
              6. ¯Qº¸©i¡]Ulm¡^
  
              7. ¯Q¯÷³ù¡]Wurzburg¡^
  
              8. ¥j®x®Ú¡]Gottingen¡^
  
              9. ®öº©¤j¹D¡]The   
              Romantic Road¡^
  
              ¤T¡B°Q½×ÃDºõ
              1. ¼w°ê§ï±Ð«á´Áªºµo®i
  
              2. ¤h¤å§J´´¯S¡]Schwenckfeld¡^ªº§ï²
  
              3. ¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤º³¡ªº«®¶¢wC¿q·|»P¤Ñ¯S·|ij
  
            
          
        
        
        ¾ú¥v²z
        1. ¬I¬£º¸·|ij¡]Diet of Speyer¡^»P¶ø´µ³ù·|ij¡]Diet   
        of Augsburg¡^
  
        ¦b¨U¤ì´µ·|ij«á¡A¼w¬Ó¬d²z¤¥@¹{¥¬¿Ù¥O¡A±N°¨¤B¸ô¼w§P©w¬°²§ºÝ¡A¨Ã¨ú½l¥Lªº¤@¤ÁµÛ§@¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦]µÛ¥~¾ÔÀW¤´¡A¦¹¿Ù¥O¤@ª½¨S¦³¹ý©³°õ¦æ¡C¼w°ê«n±ªº¤ý¤l̮ĩ¾©óù°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð©M¼w¬Ó¡A¥_±ªº¤ý¤lÌ«o¤ä«ù¸ô¼w¡C¦b§ï±Ð¤H¤h»P¤ý«Jªº¤O«P¤U¡A²Ä¤@¦¸¬I¬£º¸·|ij©ó1526¦~¥l¶}¡C·|ij¤¤¨M©w¡A¦b¥¿¦¡ªº¤j¤½·|ij¥l¶}¥H«e¡A¤ý«JÌ¥i¥H¦Û¦æ¨M©w«H¥õ¤è¦¡¡A¨Ã¥H«H¥Î¦V¯«©M¬Ó«Òt³d¡A¼È®Éáµ²¤F³B¤À¸ô¼wªº¨U¤ì´µ¿Ù¥O¡C1529¦~¡A¬I¬£º¸·|ij¤G«×¥l¶}¡A¦b¼w¬Óªº¤ä«ù¤U¡A¤ä«ù¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¤ý«J̰í¨M³e¹ý¨U¤ì´µ¿Ù¥O¡A¨ÃÀÀ±N§ï²¬£ªº°Ï°ì¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤Æ¡C¸ô¼w¬£¤H¤h¹ï¦¹´£¥XÄY¥¿§Üij¡A§Üij©v¡]Protestant¡^¤@µü§Y¬O¥Ñ¦¹¦Ó¨Ó¡C
        1530¦~¡A¬d²z¤¥@¦bÀ»±Ñ¥Ç¹Òªº¤g¦Õ¨ä«á¡A«·s¼fµø°ê¤ºªº©v±Ð°ÝÃD¡C¥L¦b¶ø´µ³ù¥l¶}·|ij¡AÁܽФѥD±Ð»P¸ô¼w¬£Âù¤è¦b·|ij¤¤³¯©ú«H¥õ¡C¦]µÛ¸ô¼w¤´¨ü¨î©ó¨ä¤£ªkªº¨¤À¡A¹E©e¬£¾¥Äõ¹y¥Nªí¥X®u¡C¾¥Äõ¹y¦b·|ij¤Wµoªí¤FµÛ¦Wªº¡m¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¡n¡]Augsburg   
        Confession¡^¡A¦¹«H±ø¤£¶È¬°©v±Ð§ï²ªº«n¤åÄm¡A¤]¦¨¤F¤é«á¸ô¼w¬£ªº¼Ð·Ç«H¥õÁn©ú¡CµM¦Óù°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð¥ß§Yµoªí¡m¤Ï»é®Ñ¡n¡A»é¥¸¸ô¼w¬£ªº»¡ªk¡A¨Ãn¨D¼w¬Ó¥[¥H¨ú½l¡AÂù¤è½Í§P¦A§i¯}µõ¡C¤ä«ù¸ô¼wªº¤ý«J®`©È¼w¬Ó¥Hx¨Æ¦æ°Ê¶i¦æÂíÀ£¡A«K²Õ´¤F¤@Ó¬I°¨¥[µn¨¾½ÃÁp·ù¡]Schmalkalden   
        League¡^¡CµM¦Ó¡A«ê¥©¹J¤W¤g¦Õ¨ä¦A«×¥Ç¹Ò¡A¼w¬Ó¥u¦n»P¬I°¨¥[µnÁp·ù¥ð¾Ô¡A¦@¿m¥~¼Ä¡Cº¸«á¡AÁöµM¤S¥l¶}¤F´X¦¸ªº¨ó°Ó·|ij¡A«o©l²×®{³ÒµL¥\¡C
        2. ¦P®É´Áªº¨ä¥L§ï²ªÌ
  
        ²Ä¤G¦¸¬I¬£º¸·|ijµ²§ô«á¡A¶Â´Ë¿Ë¤ýµÌ¤O¬°¤F¾ã¦X¼w°ê»P·ç¤hªº§ï±Ð¶Õ¤O¡AÁܽиô¼w¡B·O¹B²z¤Î¨ä¥L¦h¦ì§ï²ªÌ¦P¨ì°¨º¸³ù¨ó°Ó¡CµM¦Ó¦]µÛ¸tÀ\±Ð¸qÆ[ÂI¤§¤Àª[¡A¦Ü²×µLªk¹F¦¨µÌ¤Oªº¦X¤@¥Ø¼Ð¡C·í®É¥X®uªºÁÙ¦³Äõ§B¯S¡]Francois   
        Lambert¡^¡CÄõ§B¯S¬O¶Â´Ë¿Ë¤ýªº¦n¤Í¡A¦bªk°ê¡B¼w°ê¡B·ç¤h¤@±a¶i¦æ§ï²¡C¥L´¿¸g¯óÀÀ¤F¤@¥÷±Ð·|§ï²ªºÂŹϡA¥D±i±Ð·|À³¥Ñ·|²³¦Ûªv¡AÁ×§K¬Fªv¶Õ¤Oªº¤¶¤J¡CµM¦Ó¡A³o¥÷p¹º«o¦]¸ô¼wªº¤¶¤J¦Ó§i§j¡C¸ô¼w»{¬°¡A·í®Éªº§ï²¬£¥¿¦b»P¤Ñ¥D±Ð¹ï«Ï¡A«æ¤Á»Ýn¶Q±Úªº¤ä«ù¡A½Í¥Á·N¨¥¤§¹L¦¡C¬°¤FÅ¢µ¸¶Q±Ú¶Õ¤O¡A¸ô¼w¶É¦V¥Ñ¬FÅv¨Ó¨M©w±Ð·|ªº¸t¾¡B¸t§¨Æ©y¡C
        ¦P®É´Á¥t¦³¤@¦ì§ï²ªÌ¡A¬J¤£¦P¬y©óù°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð¡A¤S¤£ªþ±q¸ô¼w¬£©Î«®û¬£¡A¥L¬O¦è¨½¦è¨È¡]Silesia¡^ªº¶Q±Ú¡A¦W¥s¤h¤å§J´´¯S¡]Schwenckfeld¡^¡C¤h¤å§J´´¯S¼ö·R¬ãŪ¸t¸g¡A¥L»{¬°¡u¾ã¥»¸t¸gªºÁ`©M¡A´N¬O°ò·þ¡v¡A¨Ã«ØÄ³¦b¹J¨ìºÃÃøªº¸g¤å®É¡An¡u¥H³s¦P¤W¤U¤å¤@°_¬ã¨s¡A¥H¸g¸Ñ¸g¡v¡C¦b±Ð·|¤è±¡A¥L¥D±i¥H·s¬ùªì´Áªº¥l·|¬°¼Ò«¬¡C±Ð·|À³¬O¦b¦U¦a¥X²{¡A¥H°ò·þ¬°¤¸º¡AÅý¸tÆF´xÅv¡A¬¡¥X°ò·þ¨Å骺¹ê»Ú¡C¦]µÛ¤h¤å§J´´¯S¦b¥DÀ\ªº±Ð¸q¤W»P¸ô¼wÆ[ÂI¤Àª[¡A¥[¤W¨ä®Ú¾Ú¸t¸g©Ò«Ø¥ßªº±Ð·|¤é¯q¿³©ô¡A¤Þ°_¤F¸ô¼w¬£ªº©áÀ»»P¢®`¡A¨Ï¥L¥|³B¬y®ö¤T¤Q¦~¤§¤[¡C
        3. ¹A¥Á²©R
  
        ¤¤¥j¥@¬öªº¹A¥Á¡A¦]ªø´Á¹¡¨ü¶Q±Ú»P±Ð·|ªºé«d¡A¸g±`§Üij»P¤Ï«q¡C¦]µÛ¸ô¼wªº¯«¾Ç±j½Õ«H¤ß»P¦Û¥Ñ¡A¹E³Q¹A¥Áɧ@ªÀ·|¹B°Êªº°ò¦¡C1525¦~¡A¹A¥Á¥Xª©¤F¡m¤Q¤G±ø´Ú¡n¡]Twelve   
        Articles¡^¡A¥H¡u«H®{¬Ò¬°²½¥q¡v¬°¥Ñ¡An¨D§K°£³Ò§Ð¡A¨Ã¥B¬~§T×°|¡A¥R¤½°]ª«¡Cªì´Á¡A¸ô¼w¹ï³o¨Ç¹A¥Áªí¥Ü¦P±¡¡A¼g¤U¤F¡m½×¦Û¥Ñ¡n¡]Ermahnung   
        zum Frieden¡^¡A³d³Æ¤£¦X²zªº»â¥D¡A¨ÃÄU»|¹A¥Á´L«¬F©²¡CµM¦Ó¡A¹A¥ÁÌ«oÃzµo¤F§óÄY«ªº¼É¶Ã¡C¿E¶iªº§ï²ªÌ¶{¦¸º¸¦b¼Ò¦Ò´µ¡]Munlhausen¡^©^¯«ªº¦W±O±þÂíÀ£ªÌ¡C¸ô¼w¬Æ·P¾_Åå¡A¥ß§Y¼g¤U¤F¡m¤Ï¹ï¹A¥Áªº·m±°»P±O±þ¡n¡Aªí¥Ü¹A¥Á·m¹Ü¡B±þ¤H¡B¨Ã°²ÉºÖµ¤§¦W¦æ¨Æ¡AÀ³·í³Q³B¦º¡A¶Q±ÚÀ³¥H¤@¤Á¤â¬q¨î¤î¼É¶Ã¡C¦b¸ô¼w¬£¡B¤Ñ¥D±Ð¶Q±ÚªºÁp¤â¤U¡A¤Q¸U¹A¥Á³Q±þ¡C¸ô¼wÁöµMµh¤ß¶Q±Úªº¤¿´Ý¡A¦ý¤´¤ä«ù¬F©²ªºÅv«Â¡A¸ô¼w»P¹A¥Á±q¦¹¬Û¤¬¥¢¥h¤F«H¤ß¡C
  
        4. ¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤º³¡ªº§ï²
  
        ¦¦b¸ô¼w»Pù°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤Àµõ¤§«e¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤º³¡«K¥X²{¤F³\¦h®¶¿³ªºÁnµ¡C¤Q¤»¥@¬öªì¡A³\¦h×·|»P±j½Õ¤¬§U¡Bµ½¦æªº²Õ´¯É¯É¦¨¥ß¡A¨µ°jªº×¤h¦b«°¶mùرÀ°Ê¾Ä¿³¡A¥L̵L·N§å§P±Ð¸q¡A¥u¬ß±æ¦b¥Í©R¤è±±a¨Ó´_¿³¡C
        ³o¬q®É´Á¦¨¥ßªº×·|¤¤¡A³Ì¨ã¼vÅT¤Oªº¬°C¿q·|¡]Society   
        of Jesus¡^¡C¦¹·|ªº³Ð¿ì¤H¨Ì®æ¯ÇÀï¡]Ignatius Loyola¡^쬰¦è¯Z¤úªºx¤H¡A«á¥ß»}¦¨¬°C¿qºë§L¡AÄY¦u¬ö«ß¡A¶¶±q°ò·þ¡CC¿q·|¦³¤T¶µ¥Dn¥ô°È¡G¹ï§Ü·s±Ð¡B´£¨Ñ°ª«~½èªº±Ð¨|¡B±À°Ê«Å±Ð¤u§@¡C¹ï©óC¿q·|±Ð¤h¦Ó¨¥¡A¯«¦b¦a¤Wªº°ê«×¶°¤¤©óù°¨±Ð·|¡A¥H±Ð¬Ó¬°¨ä¥Nªí¡A©Ò¦³Â÷¶}±Ð§Êªº²Õ´©Î±Ð¸q³£¬O²§ºÝ¡C¥L̦b¸q¤j§Q¡B¦è¯Z¤ú¡B¸²µå¤ú¨³³tÂX®i¡A¨Ã¦b©v±Ðµô§P©Òªº¤ä«ù¤U¡A¥|³B§ðÀ»·s±Ð®{¡C¥L̤]±N¤Ñ¥D±Ð¶Ç¼½¨ì¬ü¬w¡B«D¬w¡B¨È¬wµ¥¦a¡A©ú´Â¨ÓµØªº§Qº¿Äu¡B´öY±æµ¥¤H¡A§Y¬°C¿qªº·|¤h¡C
  
        ¦]µÛ§ï²¬£ªº«Â¯Ù¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤¤¤U¼hªº±Ð¤h¤Î¾Ç³N¬É¡A¿³°_¤F¥l¶}¤j¤½·|ij¬ãÀÀ§ï²ªº©IÁn¡C±Ð¬Ó«Où¤T¥@¦A¼w¬Ó¬d²z¤¥@ªºÀ£¤O¤U¡A¥l¶}¤F¤Ñ¯S¤j·|¡]Council   
        of Trent¡^¡C¦¹¦¸·|ijªø¹F¤Q¤K¦~¡A¬°¤Ñ¥D±Ð¾ú¥v¤Wªº«nÂà©Ñ¡A¦]¬°¥¦¼vÅT¤F©¹«á¥|¦Ê¦~¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº²Õ´»P±Ð¸q¡C·|ij¤¤¸Ô²Ó°Q½×¨º¨Ç¤Þ°_ª§½×ªº±Ð¸q¡A¨Ã©Úµ´¤@¤Á´_쬣Æ[ÂI¡C¤£¶È«¥Ó¶Ç²Î»P±Ð¬ÓªºÅv«Â¡A¤Ï¹ï¸tÀ\¡uÅܽè½×¡v¥H¥~ªº¤@¤Á¥ß³õ¡A±j½Õ¸t§ªº¥\®Ä¡A¨Ã¥[ªÖ©w·Òº»»Pµ½¥\ªºÆ[©À¡C·|ij¨Ã¨M©w¥H¸t¸gªZ¥[¤jĶ¥»¡A§@¬°¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¼Ð·ÇĶ¥»¡A¨Ã«Å§Gù°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð·|¬O¸t¸gªº¸àĶªÌ¡C¤Ñ¯S·|ij¤£¶È½T©w¤F¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº±Ð¸q¡A¤]°w¹ï¯«Â¾¤Hûªº¬ö«ß¶i¦æ§ï²¡A³\¦h±Ð§Ê¹ú¬F¤@±½¦ÓªÅ¡A¬°¤¤¥j¥@¬öªºÃ¹°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð±a¨Ó¤@µf®¶¿³ªº®ð¶H¡C
  
        5. ¸ô¼w©v¬£ªº§Î¦¨
  
        ¸ô¼w¥h¥@«á¡A¸ô¼wªº¸ò±qªÌ¦b¯«¾ÇÆ[ÂI¤W¥X²{¤F¤Àª[¡C¸ô¼wªº§U¤â¾¥Äõ¹y©Ê±¡·Å©M¡A¤@±¥D±i»Pù°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð©M¸Ñ¡A¥t¤@±¤S¦³´X¤ÀªY½à¥[º¸¤å¬£ªº±Ð¸q¡C¬°¤F»P¤Ñ¥D±Ð§´¨ó¡A¾¥Äõ¹y»P¼w°ê¥D±Ð¯óÀÀªº¤@¥÷¡mµÜ¤ñ¿üÁ{®É©M¬ù¡n¡A¦X¬ù¤¤°í«ù¸ô¼w¬£ªº°ò¥»±Ð¸q¡A«o¦P®É«O¯d¤F¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº³¡¥÷¶Ç²Î¡C³o¤Þ°_¤@¨Ç©¾©ó¸ô¼wªº«H®{¤Q¤À¤£º¡¡A¥L̺پ¥Äõ¹y»P¥Lªº¸òÀHªÌ¬°¡uµÌ¤O¬£¡v¡]¾¥Äõ¹y¥þ¦W¬°µÌ¤O¾¥Äõ¹y¡^¡A¨ÃºÙ¦Û¤v¬°¡u¥¿²Î¸ô¼w©v¡v¡CÂù¤èªºª§°õ¤@ª½¨ì¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø50¶g¦~¢w1577¦~ªº¡u¨ó©M«H±ø¡v¡]Formula   
        of Concord¡^¤~¼È®É¤î®§¡C¦¹«H±øÀò±o¦h¼Æ¸ô¼w¬£ªº»{¦P¡CµM¦Ó»P¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¬Û¤ñ¡A¨ó©M«H±ø¤£¶È»ø¤Æ¡B¯Ê¥F¬¡¤O¡A¥B·¥´I¸g°|õ¾Ç·N¨ý¡C¦Ó«H¸q©v°ªµ¥¯«¾Ç¡A¥ç¥Ñ¦¹µo¶´¡C1622¦~¡AC®³¤j¾Çªº®æ«¢¼w¡]Johann   
        Gerhard¡^µoªí¤F¡m¯«¾Ç¤j¥þ¡n¡A§Y¬O¸ô¼w¬£¡]«H¸q©v¡^¨å«¬ªº¸g°|õ¾Ç¬£¥þ²z©Ê¯«¾Ç¡C
        6. ¤T¤Q¦~¾Ôª§
  
        ¤Q¤»¥@¬öªº¼Ú¬w¡A¦]µÛ©v±Ðª©¹Ïªº«¾ã¡AÃzµo¤F¦h¦¸ªº¾Ôª§¡C¨ä¤¤³Ì«á¡B¤]¬O³ÌµL·N¸qªº¤@³õ¬°1618¦Ü1648ªº¡u¤T¤Q¦~¾Ôª§¡v¡C¾Ôª§¤À¬°¥|Ó¶¥¬q¡A½d³ò±qªi§Æ¦Ì¨È¡B»Xùºû¨È¡A¤@¸ôÂX¤j¦Ü¾ãÓ¼Ú¬w¡A¦M®`·¥¬Æ¡C´N¼w°ê¦Ó¨¥¡A³o¦¸¾Ôª§±þ¼®¤F¥þ¼w2/3ªº¤H¤f¡AÁ|¥Ø©Ò¨£¥Ð³¥¯î¿¾¡A¤u°ÓºR·´¬pºÉ¡A²Y²D¤§´º©µÄòªñ¤@Ó¥@¬ö¡C¾Ôª§µ²§ô©ó1648¦~ªº³´µµo¨½¨È¦X¬ù¡A¦X¬ù¤¤³W©w¡G¤ý«J¤£±o§ïÅܨä«H¥õ¡Aù°¨¤£±o¤z¯A¼w°ê©v±Ð¨Æ°È¡C¦¹¬ù¨Ï±o§ï²¬£±o¥H»P¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤À®x§Ü§¡A¼w°ê¤]±q¦¹½T©w¨ä·s±Ðªº¦a¦ì¡C
        ¡@
        ¡m°ò·þ±Ðµo®i¥v¡n°ò·þ±Ð¤º³¡ªºª§½×
        ¡]¥»¤åºK¦Ûhttp://www.chinachristianbooks.org/new/ChristianClassics/history/big5/main.htm¡^
        ºØºØ¯«¾Çª§½×
        §ï±Ð¬£¡]¥H«áºÙ¬°°ò·þ±Ð¡A¥H§O©ó¤Ñ¥D±Ð¡^ÁöµM«Ø¥ß¤FéT°ò¦¡A¨Ã¥B¨³³t¦aµo®i¡A¦ý¤º³¡ªº°ÝÃD«o¤é¯q©úÅã¡A¦Ó¤Ñ¥D±Ð°ê®a¦b¬Fªv¤Îx¨Æ¤W¹ï©ó°ò·þ±Ð°ê®aªº«Â¯Ù¤]¶V¨Ó¶V¤j¡A¾Ôª§¦³¤@IJ§Yµoªº¥i¯à¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¥D«á¤@¤»¤@¤K¦~¤Ñ¥D±Ð»P°ò·þ±Ðªº¨R¬ð¯uªºÃzµo¤F¡AÀH«á¤T¤Q¦~ªº¾Ôª§¦b¼Ú¬w³y¦¨«Ü¤jªº¶Ë®`¡C
        ¦b¸ô¼w¥h¥@«á¤£¤[¡A¼w°ê±Ð·|¦b¯«¾Çªº°ÝÃD¤W«K¥X²{¤F¤@¨Ç¤Àª[¡A§ÚÌ´¿¸g´£¹L¡A¸ô¼wªº±o¤O§U¤â¾¥Äõ¹y¦b®ð½è¤W»P¸ô¼w«Ü¤£¬Û¦P¡A¥L¬O¤@¦ì·Å©M¤¤±eªº¤H¡A¤@¤è±·¥¤O´M¨D»P¤Ñ¥D±Ð©M¸Ñ¡A¹ï©ó¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¶Ç²Î¤£¹³¸ô¼w¨º¼Ëªº¿E¯P¤Ï¹ï¡A¥t¤@¤è±¡A¥L¥ç«D±`ªY½à¥[º¸¤å¬£ªº¤@¨ÇÆ[ÂI¡A¤×¨ä¬O¥[º¸¤å¹ï¸tÀ\ªº¹ô¸Ñ¡C¸ô¼w¦b¥@ªº®ÉÔ¡A¥L̪º·P±¡»\¹L¥L̤¤¶¡¦s¦bªº¤Àª[¡C·í¾¥Äõ¹y´M¨D»P¤Ñ¥D±Ð©M¸Ñªº¥i¯à®É¡A¸ô¼w¤]¤£¤Ï¹ï¡A´N¬O·í¥Lı±o¾¥Äõ¹y»P¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤è±°Q»ùÁÙ»ù®ÉÅý¨B¤Ó¦h¡A¥L¤]®e³\¡C¾¥Äõ¹y¦b¯«¾Ç«ä·Q¤W«Ü¦«K»P¸ô¼w¦³ª[¨£¡A¯S§O¬O¥L¹ï¤Hªº¦Û¥Ñ·N§Óªº¬Ýªk¡A¥L¤ñ¸û±µªñ¸ô¼w§ðÀ»ªº¤H¤å¥D¸qªÌ¡A¦P®É¥L¤]¬Û«H¤Hªºµ½¦æ¬O±Ï®¦ªº¤@³¡¤À¡AÁöµM¤H¤£¯à¾aµ½¦æ±o±Ï¡A¦ý¥L«o±j½Õ«H¤ß¨S¦³¦æ¬°¬O¦ºªº¡CÁöµM¦s¦³³o¨Çª[¨£¡A¦ý¾¥Äõ¹y«o¨S¦³»P¸ô¼wª§ÅG¡A¥u¬O¦wÀR¡BªA±qªº¦b¸ô¼wªº»â¾É¤U¤u§@¡C³oºØ¿Ë±K©M¿Óªº¦P¤uÃö¨t¦b¾ú¥v¤W¬O¤£±`¨£ªº¡C
        µM¦Ó¡A·í¸ô¼w¥h¥@«á¡A°ÝÃD«K¶}©l¥X²{¤F¡C¸ô¼w¤£¦b¡A¾¥Äõ¹y©TµM·|¤ñ¸û¦Û¥Ñ¦a§çµo¦Û¤vªº¨£¸Ñ¡A¦ý¨ä¥L¸òÀH¸ô¼wªº¤H«K¤£¹³¸ô¼w¨º¼Ë¹ï¥L¥]®e¡C¦b¥D«á¤@¤¥|¤K¦~¤»¤ë¡A¸ô¼w¦º«á¨â¦~¦h¡A¬d²z¤@¥@¥ø¹Ï«P¨Ï¤Ñ¥D±Ð»P°ò·þ±Ðªº¦U¤jªù¬£¹F¦¨©M¸Ñ¡A«K½Ð¤£¦Pªº¯«¾Ç®a¦@¦P¯óÀÀ¤@¥÷¡m¶ø´µ³ùÁ{®É©M¬ù¡n¡C¦ý³o¥÷©M¬ù¦b«Ü¦h°ò·þ®{²´¤¤¤´µM«O¯d¤O¶q¤Ó¦h¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¶Ç²Î¡A¦]¦¹¡AÁöµM¦b¦W¸q¤W¡A°ò·þ®{ªº¶Q±Ú±µ¨ü¤F³o©M¬ù¡A¦ý«o¨S¦³¯u¥¿¦b¥L̹Ҥº¸¨¹ê±À¦æ¡C¬°¤F¶i¤@¨B¨Ï¤Ñ¥D±Ð©M°ò·þ±Ð¹F¨ì¯u¥¿ªº©M¸Ñ¡A¾¥Äõ¹y«K»P¥t¤@¦ì¼w°êªº¥D±Ð¨ó§U¤òùØ´µ«JÀï¯óÀÀ¥t¤@¥÷©M¬ù¡AºÙ¬°¡mµÜ¤ñ¿üÁ{®É©M¬ù¡n¡Cùر°í«ù«H¸q©vªº¤@¨Ç°ò¥»±Ð¸q¡A«o¤]¦P®É«O¯d¤F¤Ñ¥D±Ð¶Ç²Îªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¨Ò¦p±R«ô®É¥Î©Ô¤B¤å¡A©Ó»{¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¤C¶µ¸t§µ¥¡C¾¥Äõ¹y»{¬°¦b©M¬ù¤¤«O¯dªº¤Ñ¥D±Ð¶Ç²Î¬OµLÃö«nªº¡]Non-essentials¡^¡A¦ý¹ï¤_¤@¨Ç¸ô¼wªº©¾¹ê°lÀHªÌ¡A¥LÌ»{¬°¾¥Äõ¹y¥X½æ¤F«H¸q©vªº«H¥õ¡A¿E¯P¦a©áÀ»¾¥Äõ¹y¡A¥Ñ¦¹¡A«H¸q©v¤º³¡ªº¯«¾Çª§½×«Kº¥º¥ÂX¤j¡A³y¦¨ÄY«ªº¶Ë®`¡C¸ô¼wªº©¾¹ê°lÀHªÌºÙ¦Û¤v¬°¯Â¥¿¸ô¼w¥D¸qªÌ¡A¦Ó¤ä´©¾¥Äõ¹yªº³QºÙ¬°µÌ¤O¬£¡]¦]¬°¾¥Äõ¹yªº¥þ¦W¬°µÌ¤O¡O¾¥Äõ¹y¡^¡C°£¤F¹ï¤Ñ¥D±Ð©ê¤£¦PªººA«×¤§¥~¡A¹ï±Ï®¦ªº¬Ýªk¡A¥L̤]¦³¤@¨Ç¤Àª[¡CµÌ¤O¬£¬Û«H¤HÁöµM¼Z¸¨¡A¦ý¨S¦³§¹¥þ¥¢¥h¹ï¯«·PÀ³ªº¯à¤O¡C¯Â¥¿¸ô¼w¬£«o°í«ù¦b¼Z¸¨«á¡A¤H§¹¥þ¨S¦³¹ï¯«·PÀ³ªº¯à¤O¡C¦]¦¹¡AµÌ¤O¬£»{¬°¸tÆF»P¤H¦P¤u¡A¥s¤HÂ÷¸oÂk¦V¯«¡A¦Ó¯Â¥¿¸ô¼w¬£«h»{¬°±Ï®¦§¹¥þ¬O¸tÆFªº¤u§@¡C¦b¥t¥~¤@¤è±¡A¯Â¥¿¸ô¼w¬£¶É¦V§¹¥þ§_©wµ½¦æ¡A¤]¶É¦V§_©w±Ð·|¬ö«ßªº¥\®Ä¡C¦ÓµÌ¤O¬£«o°í«ù¤H¦b«¥Í«á¡Aµ½¦æ¬O¥L±o±Ïªº©úµý¡A¨Ã¥B¦b¦¨¸tªº¾úµ{¤¤¡A¬ö«ßªº¬ù§ô¤W¤Î¾Þ½m¬O«Ü«nªº¡C°£¤F³o¨Ç¦³Ãö±Ï®¦ªºª§½×¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¦³Ãö©ó¸t§ªºª§½×¡C¾¥Äõ¹yı±o¸ô¼w¹L©ó±j½Õ°ò·þ¹ê½è¦a¦s¦b©ó»æ©M°s¤§¤¤¡A¦b³o¤@ÂI¡A¥L»{¬°¸ô¼w¤´¤£¯àÂ\²æ¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¶Ç²Î¡A¤Ï¹L¨Ó¥L«o«D±`ªY½à¥[º¸¤å¹ï¸tÀ\ªº²z¸Ñ¡C¥[º¸¤å»{¬°°ò·þ¥u¬O¦bÄÝÆF·N¸q¤W¦s¦b©ó»æ©M°s¤§¤¤¡A¥ç§Y¬O»¡¡A»æ©M°s¦³°ò·þÄÝÆFªº¯à¤O©M®¦¨å¡A¹ï©ó±µ¨ü»æ©M°sªº¤H¦³ÄÝÆFªº¥\®Ä¡C³o¼Ë¤@¨Ó¡A¯Â¥¿¸ô¼w¬£«K©M»{¬°¾¥Äõ¹y¤Î¥Lªº¤ä«ùªÌ¬°"¼ç¥ñ¦b«H¸q©v¤ºªº¥[º¸¤å¬£"¡A§ó¦]¦¹¹ï¥[º¸¤å¬£²£¥Í´c·P¡A¦Ó¾ÉP¤é«á©¼¦¹¤£¬Û©¹¨Ó¡C
        ¬°¤F¥®§ª§½×¡A¨â¬£¦b¥D«á¤@¤¤C¤C¦~¹F¦¨¨óij¡A©¼¦¹±µ¨ü¤@¶µ¦@¦P¯óÀÀªº¡m¨ó¦P«H±ø¡n¡AµM¦Ó³o«H±ø«o¥¼¯à§¹¥þ®ø¸Ñ©¼¦¹¶¡ªº¤Àª[¡C
        ¡@
        ¶ø´µ³ù·|ij
        ¡]¥»¤åºK¦Ûhttp://ce.fhl.net/luthsite/agb.htm¡^
        ±q¤@¤¤G¤¦Ü¤@¤¤T¡³¦~¶¡¡A¦è¤èªº°ò·þ±Ð°ê®a¡AÅãµM¤À¬°´_쬣»Pù°¨¨â¬£¡C¤@¤¤G¥|¦~©ó©Ô´£´µ¥»©ÒÁ|¦æªºÃ¹°¨±ÐÁp¦X¤j·|¡A¬O¤Àµõªº¶}ºÝ¡A¤@¤¤T¡³¦~ªº¶ø´µ³ù·|ij¬°¨ä²×µ²¡C
        ¤@¤¤T¡³¦~¶ø´µ³ùªº±s«e·|ij¡A¥Øªº¦b«ì´_±Ð·|ªº²Î¤@¡A¨Ã¿n·¥³Æ¾Ô¥H§ðÀ»¤g¦Õ¨ä¤H¡C°ê¬Ó»Ýnçĵ¬£ªº¨ó§U¨Ó§ðÀ»¤g¦Õ¨ä¤H¡A¬GÀ³³\µ¹¤@¤Á¤H¥H¤½¥¿ªº¼f¬d¡AÁܽд_쬣ªº¤H¥H®Ñ±³¯z¥L̪º·N¨£¡C©ó¬O´_쬣¹w³Æ¤F¤T¥»«H±ø¡C«H¸q©vªº¤H¹w³Æ¤F¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¡A¾¥Äõ¹yµ½Z¡A¬°¸ô¼w©Ò®Öã¡C¼w°ê«n³¡«H¸q©vªº¤H¦b¥¬¶ëÒªºÀX¾É¤§¤U¡A§e¤W¨ü¤F·O½¬²z¨£¸Ñ¤§¼vÅTªº¥|¬Ù°Ï«H±ø¡C·O¹B²z§e»¼¤@ºØ¤ÀÂ÷ªº«H±ø¡A´N¥Ã»·»P«H¸q©vÂ÷²§¤F¡C¦ý°ê¬Ó¹ï·O¹B²z¬£ªº¥D±i¤£¤©««Å¥¡A¨Ã©Úµ´±µ¦¬¥|¬Ù°Ï«H±ø¡C
        ³o¨âÓ«H±ø«á¨Ó³£¬°Ã¹°¨±Ðªº¯«¾Ç®a©Ò¡u¤Ï»é¡z¡C¤»¤ë¤Ü¤¤é¡A¦b³o·|ij¤¤¡A©ó¥D±Ð®c§ÊÆU°ó¤§«e¡A»wŪ¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¡C¦¹®Ñ¦@¤G¤Q¤K±ø¡A¨ä¤¤¤G¤Q¤@±ø²M´·¦a³W©w¤F«H¸q©vªº±Ð¸q¡A¨ä¾l¤C±ø¡A«ü¥X¬°«H¸q©v©Ò¼o±óªº¿ù»~©M¹L¥¢¡C³oµÛ§@¨ã¦³¤@ºØ©M¸Ñªººë¯«¡A¨Ã§Æ±æ¯àº¡¨¬¬Ó«Ò©Mù°¨±Ð®{ªº¤ß·N¡A¤©¥H±µ¦¬¡A¦ý³oӧƱæ²×¦¨ªw¼v¡Cù°¨±Ð®{¦b³o¦¸·|ij¤¤§e»¼¤@ºØ¤Ï»é®Ñ¡A¦W¬°»é¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø©ó¬O¯«¾Ç®a²Õ´©eû·|±q¨Æ½Õ¸Ñ¡A¦ý¦¹¦¸ªº½R°Ó¤S¨S¦³¦¨¥\¡C¾¥Äõ¹y¹ï»é¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¹w³Æ¤F¤@½gµªÂСA¦W¥s¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¤§ÅGÅ@¡C¦¹®Ñ¸û¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¬ùªø¤CÔ`¡C¬Ó«Ò©Ú¦¬³o¥»ÅGÅ@®Ñ¡C³o¦¸·|ijªí¨M¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¤w¬°»é¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¤@®Ñ©Ò»éˤF¡A¨Ã¢¥O´_쬣ºM®ø¤§¡C±з|ªº¨î«×§Î±N«ì´_¤F¡A«H¸q©vªº¤HY¨ì¤@¤¤T¤@¦~¥|¤ë¤Q¤¤é©|¥¼ªA±qù°¨±Ð·|¡A´Nn¥ÎªZ¤O§â¥LÌ®ø·À¡C³o´N«P¦¨¤F´_쬣»Pù°¨±Ð¬£ªº¤Àµõ¡C
        ¸ô¼w¤w¨Ï¤@³¡¤À°ò·þ±Ð·|¦^¨ì°ò·þ±Ð©T¦³ªº¤T¤jì«h¤W¥h¤F¡C¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø«Ø¥ß¦b¤TÓì«h¤W¡A»P¥j±Ð·|§¹¥þ¬Û¾A¦X¡C¡y³o¬O§Ú̪º±Ð¸qºõ»â¡A¨ä¤¤¨S¦³¤°»ò»P¸t¸g©Îù°¨±Ð¬Æ¦Üù°¨±Ð·|¬Û¹H¤Ïªº¦a¤è¡A±Ð·|³£ª¾¹D¬O±q±Ð¤÷̪ºµÛ§@¦Ó¨Ó¡C¡z¸ô¼w©Z¥Õªºn¨Dù°¨±Ð·|¼o°£¬YºØ¤£¦X¸t¸gªº¹D²z©M±ø¨Ò¡A¥L»P¥Lªº«H®{±o¥H¤´¯d¦bù°¨±Ð·|ùØ¡A«öµÛ¬°¤W«Òªº¹D©Ò¬ù§ôªº¨}¤ß·q«ô¤W«Ò¡C¦ýù°¨±Ð·|¤£³æ©Úµ´§ï²¡A¥B¥HªZ¤O®ø·À«H¸q©v¥D¸q¬Û«ðÀ~¡Cµ²ªG¡Aù°¨±Ð®{«K»P«H¸q©v¤Àµõ¤F¡C«H¸q©v±Ð®{»Pù°¨±Ð¤Àµõ¥H«á¡A¨Ã¥½³]¥ß¬Æ»ò·s±Ð·|¡C¤£¹LÄ~Äò¶i¦æ¥j±Ð·|ªº¨Æ·~¡A´N¬O§Ú̱q·s¬ù¸t¸g©M¥j±Ð¤÷©Ò±oª¾ªº¡C¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¦b«H¸q©vªº¤@¤Á¦a¤è¡A¤´µM«O¯d¤F¥¦¨º°ò¥»ªº¦a¦ì¡C
        ¡qµù¡G¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¦³¨âºØ¡A§Y¤@¤¤T¡³¦~ªº¶ø´µ³ù«H±øì¥»©M¤@¤¥|¡³¦~ªº¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø§ïq¥»³£¬O¾¥Äõ¹y©Ò¼g¡C쥻§_»{¯«¤H¨ó§@»¡¡A¥D±i¯u¹êÁ{¦bªº±Ð°V¡C¦b¤@¤¥|¡³¦~ªº§ïq¥»¤¤¡A¾¥Äõ¹y¦Û°Êªº¦³¨Ç¥Dnªº§ïÅÜ¡A¬°n½Õ©Mù°¨±Ð»P§ï²¬£ªº·N¨£¡C³o¨Ç§ïÅÜ¡A¦Û¤Q¤»¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó´¿¸g¤Þ°_¤F³\¦h±Ð¸q¤Wªºª§½×¡C¸ô¼wÄY¥¸¤£À³×§ï³o«H±ø¡C©Ò¥H«H¸q©v¨S¦³§â§ïq¥»·í°µ«H±øªº®Ú¥»¡C¡r
        ¡@
        ¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø
        ¡]¥»¤åºK¦Ûhttp://www.twlutheran.org.tw/history-4.htm¡^
        ¨÷¤@¡@«H¥õ»P¹D²zn±ø
        ²Ä¤@±ø¡@½×¤W«Ò
        §Ú̦U³Bªº±Ð·|¦P¤ß¦X·N±Ð¾É¤H¡G¥§¦è¨È·|ij¡]Nicene   
        Synod¡^¹ï©ó¯«ªº¥»½è¤Î¤T¦ì¬°¤@ªº©w®×¬O¯u¹ê¦ÓÀ³¬Û«HµLºÃªº¡F´N¬O»¡¡A¯«ªº¥»½è¬°¤@¡AºÙ¬°¤W«Ò¡A´N¬O¤W«Ò¡AµL©lµL²×¡BµL§ÎµL¹³¡B¤£¥i¤À¶}¡]µL³¡¤À¡^¡B¥þ¯à¡B¥þ´¼¡B¥þµ½¡B¤@¤Á¦³§ÎµL§Î¤§¸Uª«ªº³Ð³y©M«O¦sªÌ¡F¦ý¦³¤T¦ì¡A¦P½è¡B¦PÅv¡B¤S¦PÄݥæb¡A´N¬O¤÷¡B¤l¡B¸tÆF¡C§Ú̱з|¥Î¦ìªº¦W¦r¤D¿í±Ð·|µÛz®a¡]±Ð¤÷¡^½×¦¹¨Æ©Ò¥Îªº·N¸q¡Aªí©ú«D¤@Ó³¡¤À©Î«~©Ê¥]§t©ó¨ä¥L¤@¦ì®æ¤§¤º¡A¦ý«Y¦U¦Û¦s¦b¡C
        §Ú̱з|±óµ´¤Z¤Ï¹ï¥»±ø©Ò°_ªº¤@¤Á²§ºÝ¡A¦p°¨¥§¬£¡]Manichees¡^¡A³Ðµ½´c¤G¤¸¤§»¡¡F¥ËÛ´£§V¡]Valentinians¡^¡B¨È¬y¡]Arians¡^¡BµS¿Õ¦Ì¡]Eunomians¡^¡B¿p¨uÀq¼w¡]Mohametans¡^¦X¬£¤]¬O¤@¼Ë¡C¤S±óµ´·sªº¼»¼¯¼»¥L¬£¡]Samosatenes¡^¡A¥L̰í«ù¤W«Ò¥u¦³¤@¦ì¡A¥B´c·N¦a¦±¸Ñ¹D»P¸tÆF¡AºÙ¹D»P¸tÆF«DÓ§Oªº¦ì®æ¡G¹D¤£¹L«ü¤f¤¤ªº»y¨¥¡AÆF¤£¹L«ü¨Æª«¤§¤¤©Òµo¥Íªº°Ê¤O¡C
        ²Ä¤G±ø¡@½×ì¸o
        §Ú̱з|¤S±Ð¾É¤H¡G¦Û¨È·í¶^ˤ§«á¡A¤Z¥Ñ¦å®ð¦Ó¥Íªº¤H¡A´N¥Í¦Ó¦³¸o¡A´N¬O»¡¡A¤£·q¬È¤W«Ò¡A¤£«H¾a¤W«Ò¡A¦³Äݦ×Å骺¶Ý±ý¡F³o¯e¯f¡A©Î»¡³oì©lªº¹L¥Ç¡A¬O¹ê¹ê¦b¦bªº¸o¡A¥s¤Z¨S¦³ÂǸt¬~©M¸tÆF«¥Íªº¤H³£³Q©w¸o¡A¥Ã»·¦º¤`¡C
        §Ú̱з|±óµ´§B©ÔªÈ¬£¡]Pelagians¡^©M¨ä¥L¤@Ãþªº²§ºÝ¡A¥L̤£»{³oì©lªº¹L¥Ç¹ê¹ê¦b¦b¬O¸o¡A¤Sª§¿ë»¡¡A¤H¥i¥H¥M¦Û¤v²z´¼ªº¯à¤O¦b¤W«Ò±«eºÙ¸q¡A¦Ó§â°ò·þ¥\³Ò©M®¦¿AªººaÄ£±»½ª¤F¡C
        ²Ä¤T±ø¡@½×¤W«Òªº¨à¤l
        §Ú̱з|¤S±Ð¾É¤H¡G¹D¡A´N¬O»¡¡A¤W«Òªº¨à¤l¡A±q¦³ºÖªºµ£¤k°¨§Q¨È¸¡¤¤¨ú¤F¤H©Ê¡A©Ò¥H¦³¯«¤H¤G©Ê¡AµL¥i¤À¶}¡AÁp¦X©ó¤@Ó¦ì®æ¤§¤º¡G´N¬O¤@¦ì°ò·þ¡A¯u¤W«Ò¯u¤H¡F±qµ£¤k°¨§Q¨È©Ò¥Í¡A¯u¯u¹ê¹ê¨ü¤FW¡A³Q°v¦b¤Q¦r¬[¤W¡A¦º¤F¡A¸®¤F¡A¤£¿W¬°¤Hªºì¸o¡A¤]¬°¤H¤@¤Á¥»¸o§@¤F®¾¦^²½¡A¥s§Ú̱o»P¤Ñ¤÷´_©M¡C
        Í¢¤S¤U¨ì³±¶¡¡A²Ä¤T¤é¯u¯u¹ê¹ê´_¬¡¤F¡C¥H«áª@¨ì¤Ñ¤W¡A¬°n§¤¦b¤÷ªº¥kÃä¡A¥Ã»·´xÅv¡A²ÎÁÒ¤@¤Á¨ü³y¤§ª«¡A¨Ã®t»º¸tÆF¨ì¤Z¬Û«H¤§¤Hªº¤ßùØ¡A¨Ï¥L̦¨¸t¡A³o¦ì¸tÆFnºÞ²z¡]¼ä²b¡A°í©T¡A¨Ï¥L̦¨¸t¡^¡A¦w¼¢¡A´_¿³¥LÌ¡A¤SnÅ@½Ã¥LÌ©è¿mÅ]°©M¸oªºÅv¶Õ¡C
        ³o¦ì°ò·þ¦An©ú©úÅãÅã°Á{¡A¼f§P¬¡¤H¦º¤H¡A¦p¨Ï®{«H¸g©Ò»¡ªº¡C
        ²Ä¥|±ø¡@½×ºÙ¸q
        §Ú̱з|¤S±Ð¾É¤H¡G¤H¦b¤W«Ò±«e¤£¯à¾Ì¦Û¤vªº¯à¤O¡A¥\³Ò¡A©Îµ½¦æºÙ¸q¡A¤D¬O¦]°ò·þªº½t¬G¡AÂǵ۫H¡A¥Õ¥Õªº±oºÙ¬°¸q¡A´N¬O¬Û«H¦]°ò·þªº½t¬G±o»X®¦Ãd¡A¸o±o³j§K¡A¥LÂǵۦº¬°§Ú̪º¸o§@¤F®¾¦^²½¡A¤W«Ò¦b¦Û¤v±«e´Nºâ³o«H¬°¸q¡]ù°¨®Ñ3³¹©M4³¹¡^¡C
        ²Ä¤±ø¡@½×±Ð·|ªº¸t¾
        ¬°n¨Ï§Ú̱oµÛ³o«H¡A´N³]¥ß¤F±Ð¾É¤HºÖµ©M¬I¦æ¸t§ªºÂ¾¤À¡C
        ¦]¬°Âǵ۹D©M¸t§¡A¦n¤ñ¾¹¥×¤@¼Ë¡A¸tÆF±o¥H½çµ¹¤H¡FÍ¢ÀH®ÉÀH¦a·Ó¤W«Ò©Ò³ß®®ªº¡A¦bÅ¥ºÖµ¤§¤Hªº¤ßùإͥX«H¨Ó¡G³o«H¡A´N¬O»¡¡A¤W«Ò«D¦]§Ú̦ۤvªº¥\³Ò¡A¤D¦]°ò·þªº½t¬GºÙ¨º¤Z¬Û«H¦]°ò·þªº½t¬G±o»X®¦Ãdªº¤H¬°¸q¡C
        §Ú̱з|±óµ´«¬~¬£¡]Anabaptists¡^©M¨ä¥L¤@Ãþªº²§ºÝ¡A¥L̦k¥H¸tÆF½ç¤Uµ¹¤H¡A«D¾Ì¥~ªíªº¹D¡A¤D¬O¥Ñ©ó¦Û¤vªº¹w³Æ©Mµ½¦æ¡C
        ²Ä¤»±ø¡@½×·s¶¶±q
        §Ú̱з|¤S±Ð¾É¤H³o«H¥²¶·µ²¥X¦nªG¤l¨Ó¡F¨Ã¥B¤HÀ³·í¦æ¤W«Ò©Ò§h©Jªºµ½¨Æ¡A¬O¦]¤W«Òªº¦®·N¦p¬O¡A¤£n¥H¬°Âǵ۵½¦æ¥i¥H¦b¤W«Ò±«eºÙ¸q¡A¦]¬°³j¸o©MºÙ¸q¬O¥Ñ«H¦Ó±o¡A¤S¦p°ò·þªº¸Ü¨£ÃÒ»¡¡G¡u§A̧@§¹¤F¤@¤Á©Ò§h©Jªº¡A¥u·í»¡¡G§Ú̬OµL¥Îªº¹²¤H¡C¡v¡]¸ô¥[17:10¡^¥j±Ð·|ªºµÛz®a¤]¦p¦¹±Ð°V¤H¡A¦]¬°¦wªiùס]Ambrose¡^»¡¡G¡u¬Û«H°ò·þ¡A´N¥i¥H±o±Ï¡A¥Õ¥Õªº±o¥H³j¸o¡A«D¾Ìµ½¥\¡A³æ¥Ñ©ó«H¡A³o¬O¤W«Ò©Ò©wªº¡C¡v
        ²Ä¤C±ø¡@½×±Ð·|
        §Ú̱з|¤S±Ð¾É¤H¡G¤@¸t±Ð·|¥²¥Ã»·ªø¦s¡C¦ý±Ð·|¬°¸t®{ªºµ²¦X¡A¦Ó¦b³oÓµ²¦X¤§¤¤ºÖµ±Ð¾É±o¥¿·í¡A¸t§¬I¦æ±o¥¿·í¡C±Ð·|¯u¥¿ªº¦X¤@¥u¦b¥G¹ï©óºÖµªº¹D²z©M¬I¦æ¸t§·N¨£¬Û²Å¡C¤Z¤Hªº¿ò¶Ç¡A§»ö¡A©Î¤H©Ò¨î©wªº»ö¦¡¦U¦a¤£¥²ºÉ¦P¡F¦p«Où©Ò»¡¡G¡u¤@¥D¡A¤@«H¡A¤@¬~¡A¤@¤W«Ò¡A´N¬O²³¤H¤§¤÷¡C¡v¡]¥±4:5-6¡^
        ²Ä¤K±ø¡@±Ð·|¬O¬Æ»ò
        ±Ð·|¥»¬O¸t®{©M¯u¹ê¬Û«HªÌªºµ²¦X¡A¦ý¦b¤µ¥@¬J¦³°²«_¬°µ½ªÌ©M´c¤H²VÂø¨ä¤¤¡A§Ú̱з|´N»{¥i¥Î´c¤H©Ò¦æªº¸t§¡A³o¬O«ö·Ó°ò·þªº¸Ü¡G¡u¤å¤h©Mªk§QÁɤH§¤¦b¼¯¦èªº¦ì¤W¡v¤Î¥H¤Uªº¸Ü¡]¤Ó23:2¡^¡C¸t§»P¹D¡AÁö¥Ñ´c¤H¶Ç±Â¡A¦ý¦]¥Ñ°ò·þ©Ò³]¥ß©Ò§h©J¦Ó¦³¥\®Ä¡C
        §Ú̱з|±óµ´¦h¯Ç®{¬£¡]donatists¡^©M¨ä¥LÃþ¦üªº²§ºÝ¡A¥L̩ڵ´¥Î´c¤H¦b±Ð·|¬I¦æÂ¾°È¡A¨Ã»{´c¤H©Ò¬I¦æªºµL¯qµL®Ä¡C
        ²Ä¤E±ø¡@½×¸t¬~
        ½×¨ì±o±Ï¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡G¸t¬~¬°±o±Ï©Ò¥²»Ý¡F¤W«Òªº®¦¨å¤D¬OÂǸt¬~½çµ¹¤H¡F¤p«Ä¤l¥²¶·¨ü¬~¡F¥LÌÂǸt¬~³QÄmµ¹¤W«Ò¡A±µ¤J¤W«Òªº®¦Ãd¤§¤¤¡C
        §Ú̱з|±óµ´«¬~¬£¡A¥L̩ڵ´¬°¤p«Ä¤l¨ü¬~¡A°í«ù¤p«Ä¤l¤£»Ý¸g¨ü¬~¥i¥H±o±Ï¡C
        ²Ä¤Q±ø¡@½×¸tÀ\
        ½×¨ì¸tÀ\¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡A°ò·þªº¨Åé©M¦å¯u¹êªº¦s¦b¡A¨Ã¤Àµ¹¤Z»â¨ü¸tÀ\ªº¤H¡C§Ú̱з|©Úµ´¤Z»P¦¹¬Û¤Ïªº¹D²z¡C
        ²Ä¤Q¤@±ø¡@½×»{¸o
        ½×¨ì»{¸o¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡G¦b¦U±Ð·|À³«O¯d¨p¤H«Å³j¡A¦ý»{¸o®É¡A¤£¥²¼Æz¤@¤Á¹L¥Ç¡A¦]·Ó¸Ö½g©Ò»¡¡G¡u½Ö¯àª¾¹D¥Lªº¹L¥¢©O¡H¡v¡]¸Ö19:12¡^¼Æz¤@¤Á¹L¥Ç¬O¤£¥i¯àªº¨Æ¡C
        ²Ä¤Q¤G±ø¡@½×®¬§ï
        ½×¨ì®¬§ï¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡G¨ü¬~¥H«á¶^˪º¤H¦AÂk¥¿®É¡]¥L̦A®¬§ï®É¡^¡A¸o¥i¦A»X³j§K¡A¦p¦¹®¬§ïªº¤H¡A±Ð·|¤]À³µ¹¥L̫ŧi³j¸o¡C¥u¬O®¬§ïªº¥¿·N¥]§t¤G¨Æ¡C¤@¬O¼~¶Ë¡A©Î¨}¤ß¤W¦]®©¸o¦Ó°_ªº®£©Æ¡F¤@¬O«H¡A±qºÖµ©Î«Å§i³j¸o¦Ó¥Í¡A´N¬O¬Û«H¸o¦]°ò·þªº½t¬G¦Ó»X³j§K¡A³o«H¤]¨Ï¨}¤ß±o¦w¼¢¡A²æÂ÷®£©Æ¡CµM«á§Y¦³µ½¦æ¬°®¬§ïªºªG¤l¡C
        §Ú̱з|±óµ´«¬~¬£¡A¥L̤£»{¤H¬J¤wºÙ¸q¤§«á¡A¥i¦A¥¢¥h¤W«Òªº¸tÆF¡F¤S±óµ´¤Zª§«ù¦³¤H¦b¤µ¥@§Y¥i¹F¨ì§¹¥þ¹Ò¬É¡A¥H¦Ü¤£¯à¥Ç¸oªº¡C¤S±ó¬ö¿Õ¥Ë¤Ñ¬£¡]Novatians¡^¡A¥L̹ï¨ü¬~¤§«á¶^˪º¤HÁaµM¦A¦æ®¬§ï¡A¤]¤£ªÖµ¹¥L̫ŧi³j¸o¡CÁÙ¦³¨º¤£»{³j¸o¥Ñ«H¨Ó¡A«o§h©J§Ú̾a¦æµ½¥\³Õ¨ú®¦¨åªº¥ç¦b©Úµ´¤§¦C¡C
        ²Ä¤Q¤T±ø¡@½×¸t§ªº¥\¥Î
        ½×¨ì¸t§ªº¥\¥Î¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡G³]¥ß¸t§¤£³æ¬On¦b¤H·í¤¤ªí¥Ü§Ú̩ҩӻ{ªº¡A¤D¬On§@¤W«Ò®¦«Ý§Ú̪º¦®·Nªº¼Ð°O©M¨£ÃÒ¡A¬°¿E°Ê¨Ã°í©w»â¨ü¸t§¤§¤Hªº«H¦Ó³]¡C©Ò¥H¸t§¥²¶·»P«HÁp¦X¦Ó»â¡C´N¬O¬Û«HÂǸt§©Òµ¹»P§ÚÌ¡A©Ò¦V§Ú̫ŧiªº½ÑÀ³³\¡C¦]¦¹§Ú̱з|±óµ´¤Z»{¸t§¤D¥Ñ»â¨üªº¦æ¬°¦Ó¨Ï¤HºÙ¸q¡A¦Ó¤£»{¬Û«H¸o±o³j§Kªº«H¬°»â¨ü¸t§¤§n¥óªº¡C
        ²Ä¤Q¥|±ø¡@½×±Ð·|ªºÂ¾¤À
        ½×¨ì±Ð·|ªºÂ¾¤À¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡GY¤£«ö²z¨ü¥l¡AµL½×¦ó¤H¤£¯à¦b±Ð·|¹ï¤j²³«ÅÁ¿©Î¬I¦æ¸t§¡C
        ²Ä¤Q¤±ø¡@½×±Ð·|ªºÂ§»ö
        ½×¨ì±Ð·|ªºÂ§»ö¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡G¤Z¥i¿í¦u¦ÓµL¸o¡A¥B©ó±Ð·|ªº¦w¹ç»P¯´§Ç¦³¯qªºÂ§»ö¡A¦p©Ò³W©wªº¸t¤é¡A¸`´Á¤§Ãþ¡A³£À³·í¿í¦u¡C¦ý½×¨ì³o¨Ç¨Æ¡AnÄU¾É¤H¡A¨}¤ß¤£¥i¬°³o¨Ç¨Æ¨ü¸i¸j¡A§Ï©»³oÃþªºÂ§»ö¬O±o±Ï©Ò¤£¥i¤Öªº¡C¤SnÄU¾É¤H¡G¤Z©Ò³]¥ß»P¤W«Ò´_©M¡A³Õ¨ú®¦¨å¡A¨Ã¥Îµ½¥\Å«¸o¦Ó³]¥ßÃö©ó¹ª«¡B¸`´Á¤§Ãþªº»}Ä@©M¿ò¶Ç¡A³£¬OµL¯q¦Ó»PºÖµ¬Û¹Hªº¡C
        ²Ä¤Q¤»±ø¡@½×«H®{»P°ê®aªÀ·|ªºÃö«Y
        ½×¨ì«H®{»P°ê®aªÀ·|ªºÃö«Y¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡G¤Z°ê®aªÀ·|¦Xªkªº¨î«×³£¬O¤W«Ò¬ü¦nªº¤u§@¡F°ò·þ®{±q¬F¡B¥qªk¡B·Ó°ê«ß¤Î¨ä¥L²{¦æ¦³®Äªºªk«ßªv²z¬F¨Æ¡B«ö«ß¬ì¸o¡B¶}¥¿¸qªº¾Ô¡B±qx¡Bq¦Xªkªº«´¬ù¦X¦P¡B¸m²£¡B©x©²§h©J°_»}¡B¥H¤Î¶ù°ùµ¥¡AµL¤£¥i¦æ¡C
        §Ú̱з|±óµ´«¬~¬£¡A¦]¥L̸T¤î°ò·þ®{¦æ³o¨Ç¤½¥Á¾°È¡C¤S±óµ´¤Z¤£¥HºÖµªº§¹¥þ¦b¥G·q¬È¤W«Ò»P«H¥õ¡A«o¦b¥G±óµ´°ê®aªÀ·|¦UºØÂ¾°Èªº¡A¦]¬°¥LÌ»{ºÖµ©Ò¶Çªº³æ¬OÄÝ¥G¤ßÆF¤§¥Ã»·ªº¸q¡C¦ýºÖµ¨Ã¤£§_»{¬F©²»P®a®x¡A¤ÏˤÁ¤Án§ÚÌ«O¦s¡Bºû«ù¡A·í§@¤W«Ò¦Û¤vªº«ß¨Ò¡A¨Ã¦b³o¨Ç«ß¨Ò¤W¦æ¤§¥H·R¡C©Ò¥H°£¤F§h©J§Ú̥Ǹo¡A°ò·þ®{¥²¶·¶¶±q¥L̪º©x©²©Mªk«ß¡A¦]¬°Y§h©J§Ú̥Ǹo¡A´N·í¶¶±q¤W«Ò¹L©ó¶¶±q¤H¡]®{5:29¡^¡C
        ²Ä¤Q¤C±ø¡@½×°ò·þ´_¼f§P
        §Ú̱з|¤S±Ð¾É¤H¡G·í¥@¬É¥½¤é¡A°ò·þ¦AnÅã²{¡A¬I¦æ¼f§P¡A¥s¤@¤Á¦º¤H´_¬¡¡A½ç¥Ã¥Í¥ÃºÖµ¹·q°@³Q´z¿ïªº¤H¡A¦ý©w¤£·q°@ªº¤H©MÅ]°¨üµL½aªº¿i§é¡C
        §Ú̱з|±óµ´«¬~¬£¡A¥LÌ»{³Q©w¸oªº´c¤H©MÅ]°©Ò¨üªº¿i§é¬O¦³½aºÉªº¡C¤S±óµ´¨º¨Ç´²§GµS¤Ó¤H·N¨£ªº¡A»¡¦º¤H´_¬¡¤§¥ý¡A·q°@ªº¤H±Nn±o¤@¥@¬Éªº°ê¡A¨Ãn®ø·À¤@¤Á¤£·q°@ªº¤H¡C
        ²Ä¤Q¤K±ø¡@½×·N§Ó¦Û¥Ñ
        ½×¨ì·N§Ó¦Û¥Ñ¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡G¤Hªº·N§Ó¦³Y¤z¦æ¥@«U¤§¸q©M¦bÄݤH²z´¼¤§¤ºªº½Ñ¨Æ¤§¶¡¦æ¿ï¾Üªº¦Û¥Ñ¡C¦ý¨S¦³¤W«Òªº¸tÆF¡A¤Hªº·N§Ó´N¨S¦³¯à¤O¦æ¤W«Òªº¸q©ÎÄÝÆFªº¸q¡F¦]¬°Äݦå®ðªº¤H¤£±µ¨ü¤W«Ò¸tÆFªº¨Æ¡]ªL«e2:14¡^¡C¤D¬OÂǵ۹D±µ¨ü¤F¤W«Òªº¸tÆF¡A³o¸q¤~¯à¦b¤H¤ß¸Ì¦¨´N¡C
        ¶ø¥j´µ¤B¡]Augustine¡^¦b¥L®Ñ¤W¡]Hypognosticon.lib.III¡^´¿¥Î¥H¤Uªº¸ÜÁ¿½×³o¨Ç¨Æ¡G¡u§Ú̩ӻ{¤@¤Áªº¤H³£¦³·N§Ó¦Û¥Ñ¡A³o·N§Ó½T¦³²z´¼ªº§PÂ_¤O¡F¦ý³o¤£¬O»¡¡A¤HY¨S¦³¤W«Ò¡A¦Û¤v«o¯à¶}©l©Î¹ê¦æÄÝ¥G¤W«Òªº¨Æ¡A¥L¥u¯à¦æÄÝ¥G¤µ¥@ªº¨Æ¡A¤£½×¬Oµ½ªº´cªº¡Cµ½¨Æ¡A§Úªº·N«ä¬O»¡¡AÄÝ¥G¥»¯àªºµ½¡FÄ´¦p©w·N¦b¦aùسÒW¤u§@¡B¦Y³Ü¡B¥æªB¤Í¡B¬ï¦ç»n¡B»\©Ð¤l¡B¨ú©d¡BÁý¬¹¯b¡A²ß¦UºØ¦³¯qªº§Þ³N¡A·Q±oÄÝ¥G¤µ¥@ªº¥ô¦ó¦³¯q¤§¨Æ¡I³o¤@¤Á³£¦³¤W«ÒºÞ²z¡F¤£¦ýºÞ²z¡A¦Ó¥B±q¥L¦Ó¨Ó¡A¦]¥L¦Ó¦³¡CÃö©ó´c¨Æ¡A§ÚnºÙ©w·N«ô°¸¹³¡A©w·N±þ¤Hµ¥Ãþ¬°´c¨Æ¡v¡C
        §Ú̱з|±óµ´§B©ÔªÈ¬£©M¨ä¥L¤@Ãþªº²§ºÝ¡A¥ḺоɤH³æ¾Ì¤Hªº¥»¯à¡A¤£»Ý¤W«Òªº¸tÆF¡A§Ú̯à·R¤W«Ò¹L©ó¸Uª«¡G¨Ã·Ó¦æ¬°ªº¹ê·N¯à¿í¦u¤W«Òªº»|©R¡C¦]¬°¤Hªº¥»©ÊÁöµM¯à¦æ¬YºØ¥~ªíªºµ½¡A¡]¦p¡G¯à¨î¤î¦Û¤v°½ÅÑ¡A¤£±þ¤H¡C¡^¦ý¤£¯à¨Ï¤Hµo¥Í·q¬È¤W«Ò¡A«H¿à¤W«Ò¡As¼ä¡A§Ô@µ¥¤º¦bªº°Ê§@¡C
        ²Ä¤Q¤E±ø¡@½×¸oªº®Ú·½
        ½×¨ì¸oªº®Ú·½¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡G¤W«ÒÁö¬O³Ð³y¨Ã«O¦s¸Uª«ªº¡A¦ý¸oªº®Ú·½¬O¨º´cªÌªº·N§Ó¡F´N¬OÅ]°©M¨º¤£·q°@¤§¤Hªº·N§Ó¡FY¤W«Ò¤£»²§U¡A³o·N§Ó´NÂ÷¶}¤W«Ò¡A¦p°ò·þ©Ò»¡¡G¡u¥L»¡ÁÀ¬O¥X©ó¦Û¤v¡C¡v¡]¬ù8:44¡^
        ²Ä¤G¤Q±ø¡@½×µ½¥\
        §Ú̱з|³Q¤H»z§i¡A»¡§Ú̸T¦æµ½¥\¡C¦ý§Ų́ëD¦p¬O¡C¦]¬°§Ú̱з|Á¿½×¤Q»|©M¨ä¥L¦Pµ¥©Ê½è¤§®Ñ¥i¥HÃÒ©ú§Ú̹ï©ó¦UºØÂ¾·~¤Î¨ä³d¥ô´¿¦X¥Îªº±Ð¾É¤H¡G¦óºØÂ¾·~¡A¤Î¹ï©ó¨C¤@ºØÂ¾·~·í«ç¼Ë¦æ¡A¤~¬O¤W«Ò©Ò³ß®®ªº¡C³o¨Ç¨Æ¡A±q«eªº¶Ç¹D¤H«Ü¤Ö©Î§¹¥þ¨S¦³±Ð¾É¹L¤H¡F¥LÌ¥uÄU¤H¦æ·M¬NµL¯qªº¨Æ¡C¦p¿í¦u³W©wªº¸`´Á¡B«ö´Á¸T¹¡B³]¥ß·|ªÀ¡B´Â¸t¡B·q«ô¥j¸t¡B©À¯]¡B×¹Dµ¥Ãþªº¨Æ¡C¨º¨Ç©è¾×§Ú̪º¤H¡A¦]±o¤Fäê¿ô¡A²{¦b¤]§Ñ¤F³o¨Ç¨Æ¡A¤£¦p©¹±`¤@¼Ë¡A±MÁ¿³o¨ÇµL¯q¤§¨Æ¡C¥L̲{¦b¤]Á¿°_«H¨Ó¡F³o¬O¥Ḻq«e½pÀq¤£¨¥ªº¡C¥ḺаV¤H¡A§Ú̺ٸq¤£¬O³æ¦]µ½¥\¡A¤D¬Onµ½¥\»P«HÁp¦X¡A¨Ã¥B»¡¡A§Ú̺ٸq¬O¦]«H»Pµ½¥\¡C³oºØ¹D²z¸û¤§¥H«e©ÒÁ¿ªº¹ê¦b¥i®e§Ô¨Ç¡A¤]¸û¥H«eªº¹D²z¦hµ¹¤H¦w¼¢¡C
        ¦]¦¹«Hªº¹D²zÀ³¬°±Ð·|²Ä¤@nºòªº¡A¦ý¤H¤£¾å±o³o¤@Ó¹D²z¤w¸g³o»ò¤[¤F¡C¦]¬°µL½×¦ó¤H¥²¶·©Ó»{¡AÁ¿¹D®É³£½pÀq¤£Á¿½×¥Ñ«H¦Ó¨Óªº¸q¡A¦U±Ð·|©Ò±Ð°V¤Hªº³æ¬Oµ½¥\ªº¹D²z¡F¦]³o½t¬G¡A§Ú̪º¶Ç¹D¤H´¿¦p¦¹°V«j¦U±Ð·|¡G
        §Ú̪ºµ½¥\¤£¯à¨Ï§ÚÌ»P¤W«Ò©M¦n¡A©Î°t±o§K¸o¡B»X®¦¡BºÙ¸q¡A³o¨Ç¨Æ³æ¦]«H¦Ó±o¡A´N¬O§Ú̬۫H¦]°ò·þªº½t¬G³Q±µ¤J®¦Ãd¤§¤¤¡A±©¦³¥L¬O©Ò³]¥ßªº¤¤«O©M®¾¦^²½¡A¤÷ÂǵۥL¤~»P§ÚÌ©M¦n¡C©Ò¥H¤Z¾aµ½¥\³Õ¨ú®¦¨åªº¡A´N¬OÂÆµø°ò·þªº¥\³Ò©M®¦¨å¡A·Q¤£n°ò·þ¦Ó¾Ì¤H¤O¥i§ä¨ì©¹¤W«Ò¨ºùØ¥hªº¸ô¡CµM¦Ó°ò·þ½×¨ì¦Û¤v»¡¡G¡u§Ú¬O¹D¸ô¡A¯u²z¡A¥Í©R¡C¡v¡]¬ù14:6¡^
        «Où¨ì³BÁ¿½×«Hªº¹D²z¡G¡u§A̱o±Ï¬O¥»¥G®¦¡A¤]¦]µÛ«H¡A³o¨Ã¤£¬O¥X©ó¦Û¤v¡A¤D¬O¤W«Ò©Ò½çªº¡A¤]¤£¬O¥X©ó¦æ¬°¡C¡v¡]¥±2:8-9¡^³o¥þ³¡¹D²z¦³¥j±Ð¤÷¥i¸êÃÒ©ú¡A¨S¦³¤H¥i¦kµû§ÚÌÒ·s©_ªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C¦]¬°¶ø¥j´µ¤B¦b³\¦h®Ñ¤WÅGÅ@®¦¨å»P¦]«H¦Ó¨Óªº¸q¡A¦Ó¤Ï¹ï¥Ñ¦æµ½¦Ó¨Óªº¥\³Ò¡C¦wªiùצb¥L²§¨¹¤H»X¥l¡]De   
        Vocatione Gentium¡^¤Î¨ä¥L®Ñ¤W¤]¦³³o¼Ëªº±Ð°V¡A¦]¬°½×²§¨¹¤H»X¥l¦p¦¹»¡¡G¡uÕYºÙ¸q¤£¦b¥G®¦¨å¡A¦Ó¦b¥G¶·¥ý¦³µ½¥\¡A°ò·þ¥H¦å©Ò§@¦¨ªº±ÏÅ«´Nºâ¤£±o¬Æ»ò¡A¤HªºÅv§Q¤]®e¤£¤U¤W«Òªº®¦·O¡C³o¼Ë¡AºÙ¸q´N¤£ºâ¬O¬I¥DªººB´n¡A¤£¹L¬O¶±¤uªº¤u»ù¡C¡v
  
        ³o¤@Ó¹D²zÁö¬°¨S¦³¸gÅ窺¤H©ÒÂÆµø¡A¦ý·q°@©M¤ßÃh¼~Äߪº¤H±q¸gÅç¤Wı±o³o¹D²z¯à½çµ¹¤H¤j¤jªº¦w¼¢¡C¦]¬°µL½×¾a¬Æ»òµ½¥\¡A¨}¤ßÁ`±o¤£µÛ¥¦w¡A³æ¦]«H¤~¯à±oµÛ¡A´N¬O¥L̽T¹ê¬Û«H¦]°ò·þªº½t¬G¥LÌ»P¤W«Ò´_©M¤F¡A¥¿¦p«Oùªº±Ð°V¡G¡u§Ú̬J¦]«HºÙ¸q¡A´NÂǵۧÚ̪º¥DC¿q°ò·þ±o»P¤W«Ò¬Û©M¡C¡v¡]ù5:1¡^³o¹D²z¥þ¦b¥G¨}¤ß¦]¼~ÄߦӰ_ªº¤£¦w¡A±©¦³¨}¤ßı±o¤F³oºØ¤£¦w¡A¤~¯à»â·|³o¹D²z¡C©Ò¥H¤Z¦b³o¨Æ¤W¨S¦³¸gÅç©MÄÝ¥G¥@«Uªº¤H¡A¹Ú·Q°ò·þ±Ðªº¸q¤£¹L¬O¥@«U©Mõ²zªº¸q¡A¥LÌ´N¬O©å©ó§PÂ_ªº¤H¡C
        ±q«e¤Hªº¨}¤ß³Qµ½¥\ªº¹D²zÅÍÂZ±o¤£¦w¡A¥L̨S¦³Å¥¨£¹L±qºÖµ¦Ó¨Óªº¦w¼¢¡C¦³ªº¤H¬°¨}¤ß©ÒÅX³v¡A°k¨ìÃm³¥©M×¹D°|¡A«ü±æ¦b¨º¨Ç¦a¤èÂǵÛ×¹D³Õ¨ú¤W«Òªº®¦¨å¡A¦³ªº¤S³y§@§OÃþµ½¥\¡A·QÁÈ®¦¸É¸o¡C©Ò¥H²{¦b¤j¤£¥i¤Öªº¬On¶ÇÁ¿¨Ã«ì´_³o«H°ò·þªº¹D²z¡A¨Ï¼~Äߪº¨}¤ß¤£¯Ê¤Ö¦w¼¢¡A¥Bª¾¹D®¦¨å¡B³j¸o¤D¬O¦]«H°ò·þ¦Ó±o¡C
        §Ṳ́S±Ð¾É¤H¡G³o¸Ì©Ò»¡¡u«H¡vªº¦Wµü¡A¤£¬O³æ«ü¾ú¥vªºª¾ÃÑ¡A¨ººØª¾ÃÑ´c¤H©MÅ]°¤]¥i¥H¦³¡F¤D¬O«üµÛ¤£³æ«H¾ú¥v¤]¬O«H¨º¾ú¥vªº¥\®Ä¡A´N¬O«H¨º³j¸oªº±ø¤å¡G§Ú̦]°ò·þ¥i¥H¦³®¦¨å¡B¦³¸q¡B¸o±o³j§K¡C
        ³o¼Ë¡A¤Zª¾¹D¦]°ò·þ¦Ó¦³¤@¦ì¤¯·O¤Ñ¤÷¡A³o¼Ëªº¤H¬O¯u»{ÃѤW«Òªº¡C¥L¾å±o¤W«Ò²²©À¥L¡F¥L©IÆ~Í¢¡F¤@¨¥¥H½ª¤§¡A¥L¤£¹³²§¨¹¤H¨S¦³¤W«Ò¡C¦]¬°Å]°©M´c¤HÂ_¤£¯à«H³o³j¸oªº±ø¤å¡A©Ò¥H¥LÌ«ë´c¤W«Ò¦p¦P¤³¼Ä¡A¥L̤£©IÆ~Í¢¡A¤£«ü±æ±qÍ¢¤â¸Ì±o¬Æ»ò¦n³B¡C½×¨ì«Hªº¦Wµü¡A¶ø¥j´µ¤B¤]³o¼ËÄU«jŪªÌ¡A¥B±Ð¾É¤H»¡¡A³o«H¦r¦b¸t¸g¤W¤£¬O«üµÛ¹³´c¤H©Ò¦³ªº¨ººØª¾ÃÑ¡A¤D¬O¤@«H¾aªº¤ß¡A¯à¦w¼¢¹ªÀy¤ßÃh¼~Äߪº¤H¡C
        ¦AªÌ¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¥²¶·¦æµ½¡A¦ý¤£¬O¥s§Ú̬۫H¦]¦æµ½´N°t±o®¦¨å¡A¦ý¦æµ½¤D¬O¤W«Òªº¦®·N¡C³æ¦]«H¤~¥i¥H¥Õ¥Õªº±o»X³j¸o¡C¦Ó¥B¬JÂǵ۫H±o¤F¸tÆF¡A§Ú̪º¤ß´N§ó·s¤F¡A¨Ã¦³¤F·sªº±¡·N¡A³o¼Ë¡A¤~¯à¦æ¥Xµ½¨Æ¨Ó¡C¦]¬°¦wªiùצp¦¹»¡¡G¡u«H¬°µ½©Àµ½¦æ¤§¥À¡C¡v¦]¬°¡A¤Hªº¯à¤O¨S¦³¸tÆF¡A´N¥Rº¡¤F´c©À¡A³n®zµL¯à¡A¤£¯à¦b¤W«Ò±«e¦æµ½¡C¨Ã¥B¥L̬O¦bÅ]°ªºÅv¶Õ¤§¤U¡A¿E°Ê¥L̦æ¦U¼Ë´c¨Æ¡A·N©ÀÁ¶Âp¡A§@©úÅ㤣ªkªº¨Æ¡A¹³³\¦h¤å¤Hõ¤h¡A¥L̺ɤO°µ¸Û«Hªº¤H¡A¤£¦ý°µ¤£¨ì¡A¤Ï¬°³\¦h©úÅ㤣ªkªº¨Æ¬¿¦Ã¤F¡C¤H¨S¦³«H¡A¨S¦³¸tÆF¡A¥u¦³¦Û¤v¥»©Êªº¯à¤O¡A¨S¦³§Oªº¤Þ¾É¡A¤Hªº³n®z´N¬O¦p¦¹¡C
        ¼Ë¥i¥H©ú©úªº¬Ý¥X¡A³o¤@Ó¹D²z¤£¦ý¤£À³¸Ó±±¬°¸T¦æµ½¥\¡A¤ÏËÀ³¸Ó¤j¥[Æg³\¡A¦]¬°³o¹D²z«ü¥Ü§ÚÌ«ç¼Ë¤~¯à¦æµ½¡C¦]¬°¨S¦³«H¡A¤Hªº¥»©ÊÂ_¤£¯à¿í¦æ²Ä¤@±ø»P²Ä¤G±ø»|©R¡C¨S¦³«H¡A¤Hªº¥»©Ê´N¤£©IÆ~¤W«Ò¡A¥õ±æ¤W«Ò¡AI¤Q¦r¬[¡F¥L¥u¨D¤HªºÀ°§U¡A¨Ì¿à¤HªºÀ°§U¡C©Ò¥H¤£«H¾a¨Ì¿à¤W«Ò¡A¤Hªº¤ß´N¬°¤@¤Á¨p¼¤©M¤Hªº±Ð°V©Ò¥ª¥k¡C
        ¦]¦¹°ò·þ¤]»¡¡G¡uY¨S¦³§Ú¡A§A̤£¯à§@¬Æ»ò¡C¡v¡]¬ù15:5¡^¤S±Ð·|©Ò°Ûªº¸Ö»¡¡G¡u¨S¦³§Aªº¯à¤O¡A¤H¸Ì±¤@µL©Ò¦³¡A¨S¦³µL¸o¤§¨Æ¡C¡v
        ²Ä¤Ü¤@±ø¡@½×·q«ô¸t®{
        ½×¨ì·q«ô¸t®{¡A§Ú̱з|±Ð¾É¤H¡G§ÚÌ¥i¥H¬ö©À¸t®{¡A¥s§Ú̦U«ö¾·~®Äªk¥L̪º«H¤ß©Mµ½¦æ¡A¦n¤ñ¬Ó¤W¥i¥H®Äªk¤j½Ãªºº]¼Ë¡A¥ÎªZ¤OÅX³v¤g¦Õ¨ä¤H¥X¹Ò¡A¦]¬°¥L̳£¬O§g¤ý¡C¦ý¸t¸g¤£±Ð°V§ÚÌ·q«ô¸t®{¡A©Î¨D§i¥L̪ºÀ°§U¡A¦]¬°¸t¸g«ü¥Ü§ÚÌ¥u¦³¤@¦ì°ò·þ¬O¤¤«O¡B®¾¦^²½¡B¤j²½¥q¡B©M¥NëªÌ¡C³o¦ì°ò·þ¬OÀ³·í·q«ôªº¡C¥L¤]´¿À³³\Å¥¤¹§Ú̪ºÃ«§i¡A¨Ã¯S§O©Ó»{¤@ºØ·q«ô¡A´N¬On¤H¦b½Ñ¯ë±wÃø¤¤¨D§i¥L¡C¡uY¦³¤H¥Ç¸o¡A¦b¤÷¨º¸Ì¦³¤@¦ì¤¤«O¡A´N¬O¨º¸qªÌ°ò·þC¿q¡C¡v¡]¬ù³ü2:1¡^
        ¡@
        ¼w·N§Ó¹A¥Á¾Ôª§
        ¡]¥»¤åºK¦Ûhttp://www.jdnets.com/army/war/041.asp¡^
        16¥@¬ö20¦~¥N¤¤¡A¤@³õªiÄi§§Á諸¸s?ªZ¸Ë°«ª§®u±²¤F¡§¯«¸tù°¨«Ò°ê¡¨ªº«n³¡¦a   
        °Ï¡C¦¨¤d¤W¸Uªº¹A¥Á¡B¥«¥Á¡B¶±¤u¡BÄq¤u¡B¤â¤u¤u¦K¡B¤U¼h¹¬«Q¡B¤p¶Q±Ú©M¬F©²ªº¯µ®Ñ¡B¤½°ÈûÁp¦X°_¨Ó¤F¡A¥LÌÁ|°_¤F¤Ï§Üªº¸qºX©M¤j¤M¡Aª½¨R¦V¶Q±Ú»â¥D¡C³o¬O¦è¼Ú¤¤¥@¬ö   
        ¤@¦¸³W¼Ò³Ì¤jªº¤Ï«Ê«Øªº¹A¥Á°_¸q¡A²©R¾É®v®¦®æ´µºÙ¥¦¬°¡§¼w°ê¤H¥Á³Ì°¶¤jªº²©R¹Á¸Õ¡¨¡C
        ¼w°ê«n³¡¦a°Ïªº¹A¥Á¾Ôª§¬O16¥@¬öªì¼w°ê¤@¨t¦C¬Fªv¡BªÀ·|¡B¸gÀ٥٬ް«ª§ªº¥²µM   
        ?ª«¡C¼w°ê15¥@¬ö¥½¡A¤H¤fªº¤j´T«×¼W¥[»P¤g¦a¸ê·½µu¯Êªº¥Ù¬Þº¥ýªí²{¥X¨Ó¡C¶Q±Ú»â   
        ¥D¾ÌÂǨä¬FªvÅv¤O¸v·N«I¦û¹A¥Á¿à¥H¥Í¦sªº¤g¦a¡B°]?¡A¤Þ°_¤F¹A¥Áªº±j¯P¤£º¡©M¤Ï§Ü¡C
        ¬°ªí¹F³oºØ¤£º¡±¡ºü¡A¹A¥Á¦V¥L̪ºª½±µ»â¥D¡B¶Q±Ú´£¥æ¤F¤j¶qªº½ÐÄ@®Ñ©M§Üij®Ñ¡C¾Ú   
        ¼w°ê¾ú¥v¾Ç®a¥¬·ç§J²Îp¡A¦b¤W¤h¥Ë¥»¦a°Ï¡A¤Úº¸¯SªL®Ú°_¸qx´¿¦V¶Q±Ú»â¥D¡B×¹D°|   
        »â¥Dµ¥´£¥æ«è±¡®Ñ¡B³¯z®Ñ¹F77¥÷¡C³o¨Ç«è±¡®Ñ³£¬O¦b1524¦~°_¸qªºªì´Á´£¥æªº¡C
        16¥@¬öªì¡Aù°¨±Ð·|³g¦Ã¨ü¸ì¡AºV¶B°Ç¯Á¡A¥X°â¯«Â¾²ß¥H¬°±`¡C¾Ú²Îp¡A³æ¬O¦b   
        1520¦~¡A´N¤j¬ù¦³2000Ó©x¾¬O½æ¥X¥hªº¡C±Ð·|¦U¯Å¤W¼h¤H¤h³£¹LµÛ°ø¨×ÁSÄꪺ¥Í¬¡¡C
        ·ç¤h¤@Ó¥D±Ð¤£¦ý¹ï±Ð¤hªº©ñ¿º¦æ¬°©ñ¥ô¦Û¬y¡A¦Ó¥B¦V¥LÌ«ö¨p¥Í¤lªº¼Æ¥Ø¦¬´Ú¡A¦W¬° 
        ¹ê¦æÃg»@¡A¹ê¬°¤¤¹¡¨pÅn¡C±Ð·|ªºÁà»D©M»EÀĦ欰¤£³ÓªTÁ|¡A¤Þ°_ªÀ·|¤Wªº·¥¤j¼«´n¡C
        ¦b¥|¤À¤µõªº¼w·N§Ó¡A±Ð·|¤Q¤À²s¼û¡A¥¦¤@¤è±ªý¼¸²Î¤@¡A¤@¤è±§â¼w·N§Ó§@¬°«nªº   
        ·j¨íª«¥ó¡C¬y¤Jù°¨±Ð§Êªº°]´I¨C¦~¹F30¸Uª÷¹ô¡A¤H̺ټw·N§Ó¬°¡§±Ð¬Óªº¥¤¤û¡¨¡C
        ¥@«U½Ñ«J¡]«Ê«Ø¥D¡^¡A¤@¤è±¤£º¡¼w·N§Ó±Ð·|ªº¾î¦æµL§Ò¡A¥L̤£¦ý¤Ï¹ï°]´I¬y¦V   
        ù°¨¡AÁÙÁ»¿Ì±Ð·|ªº¥¨¤j°]?¡C¦U«Ê«Ø¥D¥MµÛ¦Û¤vªºÅv¶Õ¡A¾î¦æÅQ¹D¡C¥Ḻj¦û¤F¥þ°ê   
        µ´¤j³¡¤Àªº¤g¦a¡A¤£Â_¼W¥[¦a¯²¡F¥ô·N³]¥ßÃö¥d¡A¼x¦¬°ªÃBªº½áµ|¡FÀH«Kű³y¦H½è³f¹ô¡A   
        ÄF¨úª÷»È¡F¦³®É¤½¶}¦æ§T¡A¾Û±°¥Á°]¡C«°¥«¤¤ªº¥¥Á¸s?¡A¦p¯}?ªº¤â¤u·~ªÌ¡BÀ°¤u¡B   
        ¤é¤u¡B¼s¤j¹A¥Á¥Í¬¡¤Q¤À§xW¡C¹Òªp¤×¨ä´dºGªº¬O¹A¥Á¡C¹A¥Á¾D¨üµÛ±Ð¡B«U«Ê«Ø¥D¡B°Ó   
        ¤H¡B°ª§Q¶UªÌªº¼h¼h½Lé¡AªÓtµÛ¤°¤@µ|¡B¦a¯²¡B¤HÀYµ|¡B¾Ôª§µ|¡B¦º¤`¶O¡Bµ²±B¶O¡B   
        °]?Âಾ¶O©M³Ò§ÐªºÁc«t¾á¡A±Á{µÛ«õ²´¡B³Î»ó¡BºI«ü¡BÂ_¤âµ¥¦D»@ªº«Â¯Ù¡C¥LÌ¿U   
        ¿NµÛ¹ï±Ð¡B«U«Ê«Ø¥Dªº«ã¤õ¡C
        15¥@¬ö¥½¡A¯µ±K²Õ´ªº¡§¾c·|¡¨¦b«n³¡¤@±aªº¹A¥Á·í¤¤µo®i°_¨Ó¡C¹A¥Á¦bºX¼m¤Wµe   
        µÛ¤@°¦¾c¤l¡Aªí¥Ü¨M¤ß©M¬ïªø¹uªº¶Q±Ú¹ï§Ü¡C¤@¨Ç¦a¤è©Êªº°_¸q¤w¸g¦b¤£Â_¦aÃzµo¡C±Ð   
        ¤h¶°¹Î¤º³¡°«ª§¤]¤Q¤À¿E¯P¡A¤W¼h¤Hª«¦æ¬°¼Z¸¨¡A¤U¼h±Ð¤h¦¬¤J§C·L¡A¥Í¬¡±µªñ´¶³q¸s   
        ?¡C¦]¦¹¡A¼w·N§Óªº¤@¤ÁªÀ·|¥Ù¬Þ³£³ò¶µÛ±Ð·|¼@¯P¦aµo®iµÛ¡C±q1518-1523¦~¡A¼w·N   
        §Ó¨C¦~³£µo¥Í¹A¥Á°_¸q¡A1524¦~¡A°_¸q§ó¬O±µ¿æ¦Ó°_¡A³Ì«á§Î¦¨¤F¥þ¼w·N§Óªº¹A¥Á¾Ôª§¡A   
        ¤T¤À¤§¤Gªº¹A¥Á§ë¤J¤F¾Ô°«¡C 1524¦~®L¡A¤h¥Ë¥»«n³¡ªº¹A¥Á©Úµ´¬°¶Q±ÚªA³Ò§Ð¡Aµo°Ê°_¸q¡A´¦¶}¤F¤j³W¼Ò¹A¥Á¾Ô   
        ª§ªº²Ä¤@¶¡C°_¸q»â³S¦«°¨´µ¡P¶{ªöº¸¡]¯«¨j¡A¤Ï±Ð¬Ó¥D¸qªÌ¡AҾɮø·À¤@¤ÁÀ£¢ªÌ©M   
        é«dªÌ¡^©M¥Lªº«H®{¨B¹M³\¦h«°Âí¡A¿n·¥±À°Ê°«ª§¡C°_¸qªÌ´£¥X¦Û¤vªººõ»â¡X¡X¡m®Ñ   
        ²¡n¡A¸¹¥l±À½«Ê«Ø¨î«×¡C¤h¥Ë¥»¶Q±ÚÄà¤_°_¸qªº«Â¤O¡A¤@±¶°µ²§L¤O¡A¤@±¦P¹A¥Á½Í   
        §P¡C²Ä¤G¦~ªì¡A¹A¥Áµo²{¨ü¤F¶Q±Ú´ÛÄF¡A©ó¬O©Úµ´½Í§P¡C°_¸q®u±²¤F¤h¥Ë¥»¥þ°Ï¡C¦b¾Ô   
        °«¤¤§Î¦¨6¤ä°_¸q¶¤¥î¡A¤H¼Æ¦h¹F3-4¸U¤H¡C°_¸qx¹Ü¨ú«°¥«¡A¦û»â©M·o·´¦x°|»P«°³ù¡A   
        ±j¢«Ê«Ø¥D±N³¹©MªZ¾¹¥æµ¹¹A¥Á¡C1525¦~3¤ë¡A6¤ä°_¸qxªº»â³S¦b±ö©ú®Ú¶°·|¡A¨î©w   
        ¤F¡m¤Q¤G±ø´Ú¡n¡A§@¬°°«ª§ºõ»â¡C¡m¤Q¤G±ø´Ú¡n¥]¬A±q¹A¥£¨îÀ£¢¤U«ì´_¤H¨¦Û¥Ñ¡A   
        ¨î¦a¯²©M³Ò§Ð¡A¦¬¦^³Q¶Q±ÚÅQ¦ûªº¹A§ø¤½ªÀ¤g¦a¡A§â¤°¤@µ|¥Î©ó¤ä¥I±Ð¤hªºÁ~Ä©M¤½¦@   
        ¨Æ·~¡A¹A¥Á¦Û¤v¿ïÁ|¥»¦a©v±Ð¨Æ°ÈªººÞ²z¤H¡C³oÓºõ»âÁö±a¦³·Å©M©Ê½è¡A¦ý¥¦³¡¤À¦a¤Ï   
        ¬M¤F¹A¥Áªº§Q¯qn¨D¡C
        ¤Ï°Ê±N»â¯S¾|»®¿A´µ§Q¥Î°_¸q¶¤¥î¤À´²§@¾Ôªº®zÂI¡A±Ä¥Î°²½Í§P¡A¯uªZ¸ËŧÀ»ªº¤â   
        ªk¨Ó¹ï¥I¹A¥Á¡Cµ²ªG¡A¦³¨Ç°_¸q¶¤¥î»´«H¼Ä¤H¡A¦P·N¥ð¾Ô¡AÀH§Y³Q¼Ä¤H¦UÓÀ»¯}¡C   
        1525¦~3¤ë¥½¡A¥±Äõ¬ì¥§¨È¹A¥Á°_¸qÃzµo¡A4¤ë¨³³tÂX¤j¡C°_¸qªÌ¿N·´¤F´X¦Ê®y«°³ù   
        ©M×¹D°|¡AÃgªv¤F¸o¤j´c·¥ªº«Ê«Ø¶Q±Ú¡C³\¦hÃM¤h¥[¤J°_¸q¶¤¥î¡AÁÙ¦³³\¦h«°¥«¤]˦V   
        °_¸qx¤@Ãä¡C«°¥«¥¥Á¿n·¥°t¦X¹A¥Á°«ª§¡A¦ý¬O¥«¥Á¥u·Q§Q¥Î°_¸q¨Ó¹ê²{¦Û¤vªº§Q¯q¡A   
        ¨äºA«×·nÂ\¤£©w¡A¤£¤Ö¤HÁöµM°Ñ¥[¤F°_¸q¡A¦ý¤£¤[´N³Q¹B°Ê©ÒÀ~Ë¡A§ë¦V¼Ä¤H¤è±¡A³y   
        ¦¨°_¸q¶¤¥îµA´²¡A¤O¶q«d®z¡C¬¾·âªº¯S¾|»®¿A´µ¤´Â±ĥΦUÓÀ»¯}©M´ÛÄF©Ê½Í§Pªº¤âªk¡A   
        ¥´±Ñ¤F´X¤ä°_¸qx¡A¶i¹G®üº¸¥¬¶©¡C¦b³oÃöÁä®É¨è¡A¥«¥Á¬ÛÄ~«qÅÜ¡A¶}ªùªï¼Ä¡C7¤ëªì¡A   
        ¥±Äõ¬ì¥§¨Èªº°_¸q¤]¥¢±Ñ¤F¡C
        1525¦~2¤ë¡A¶{ªöº¸¨Ó¨ì¹ÏªL®Ú¡A3¤ë¦bÁ[º¸»¨´Ë«°»â¾É¤H¥Á°_¸q¡A±À½¤F«°¥«¶Q±Ú   
        ªº²Îªv¡A«Ø¥ß°_¤@Ó¡§¥Ã¤[ij·|¡¨¡A¶{ªöº¸³Q¿ï¬°¥D®u¡C±q¦¹Á[º¸»¨´Ë¦¨¬°¼w·N§Ó¤¤³¡   
        ªº°_¸q¤¤¤ß¡C¦b¥¦©P³ò¡A°_¸qªº²l¤õ¨ì³B¦b¿U¿N¡C¤H¥Á§ð¦û«°¥«¡B²ø¶é¡B«°³ù©M×¹D°|¡A   
        ¤À±¼¶Q±Úªº¤g¦a©M°]ª«¡C¹A¥Á«H¿à¶{ªöº¸ªº»â¾É¡A¯É¯É¦V¥L½Ð¨D¹ï°«ª§ªº«ü¥Ü¡C¶{ªöº¸   
        ¦V¤H¥Á«Å¶Ç°«ª§ªº»·¤j¥Ø¼Ð¡G®ø·À»â¥D¡A°]?¤½¦³¡A¤H¤H¥µ¥¡C¸¹¥l¤H¥Á¡§¦V«e¡A¦V«e¡A   
        ¨ì¤F¹³¥´ª¯¤@¼Ë¦a½a°l²r¥´´c´Òªº®ÉÔ¤F¡K¡K¤£nÅý§A̪º¤M¼C§N«o¡BÅܶw¡¨¡C1525¦~   
        5¤ë¤¤¡A¹A¥Á°_¸qx»P«Ê«Ø¥Dx¶¤¦b¥±ÄõªÖ»¨´Ë¶i¦æ¨M¾Ô¡C½Ñ«Jªº§L¤O©~©óµ´¹ïÀu¶Õ¡A   
        ¶{ªöº¸²@¤£¬ÈÄß¡A²v»â¹A¥Áx8000¤H¾Ä«iªï¼Ä¡C
        ¦ý¬O¥Ñ©ó?¹èÄa®í¡AªZ¾¹¯Ê¥F¡A°V½m¤£°÷¡A¶{ªöº¸¥»¤H¤]¯Ê¤Ö«ü´§¸gÅç¡A°_¸q¥¢±Ñ   
        ¤F¡C¶{ªöº¸³Q«R«á³Æ¨üÄY¦D¡A§§¯P´N¸q¡C¼w·N§Óªº¹A¥Á¾Ôª§ÀH«á¥¢±Ñ¡A°_¸q¹A¥Á¾D¨ì´Ý   
        »ÅªºÂíÀ£¡A³Q±þ®`ªº°_¸qªÌÁ`¼Æ¶W¹L10¸U¤H¡C
        ÅFÅF¯P¯Pªº°¶¤jªº¼w°ê¹A¥Á¾Ôª§ÁöµM¥¢±Ñ¤F¡A¦ý¨ä¼vÅT«o¬O¥¨¤jªº¡C¥L±q®Ú¥»¤W°Ê   
        ·n¤F¤Ñ¥D±Ð·|¦b¼w°êªº²Îªv¡A«d®z¤F1000¦h¦~¨Ó±Ð·|¦b¼Ú¬wªº¯SÅv¦a¦ì¡A«P¶i¤F¾ãÓ¼Ú   
        ¬wªº©v±Ð§ï²©M¤åÃÀ´_¿³¹B°Êªº²`¤Jµo®i¡A±À°Ê¤FªÀ·|ªº«e¶i¡C³\¦h¦x°|©M±Ð°ó³Q·o·´¡A   
        ³\¦h±Ð·|»â¦a©M¨ä¥L°]?³Q¨S¦¬¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð·|¦b¬Fªv¡B¸gÀÙ¤WªºÅv¤O¤j¬°«d®z¡C«Ê«Ø¥Dªº   
        «°³ù³QºR·´¡A³\¦h¶Q±Ú³Q®ø·À¡AÃM¤h©Î¦º¤_¾Ô¤õ¡A©Î²_¬°½Ñ«Jªº¦ÚÄÝ¡A¨Ï¥LÌ¥»¤w¨S¸¨   
        ªº¦a¦ì¶i¤@¨B¤U°¡C«Ü¦hÅ鱪º®a±Ú¯}¸¨¤F¡A¥u¦³¾a¦øÔ½Ñ«Jºû«ù¥Í¬¡¡C¦]¦¹¡A®¦®æ´µ   
        §â¼w°ê¹A¥Á¾Ôª§µø¬°¼Ú¬w¸ê²£¶¥¯Å¤Ï¹ï«Ê«Ø¨î«×ªº²Ä¤@¦¸¤j¨M¾Ô¡C±q³o®É°_¡Aªñ¥NµL?   
        ¶¥¯Åªº¥ýÅXªÌ¡A¡§¤âùØ®³µÛ¬õºX¡A¤fùس۵۰]?¤½¦³ªºn¨D¡¨µn¤W¤F¬Fªv»R»O¡C   
        ¼w°ê¹A¥Á¾Ôª§¤]µ¹²©R¤H¥Á¯d¤U¤FÄ_¶Qªº¸gÅç±Ð°V¡C°«ª§¹ê½îÃÒ©ú¡A¼s¤j¹A¥Á¬O¤Ï   
        «Ê«Øªº¥D¤Ox¡C¦b¦P«Ê«Ø¤Ï°Ê¶Õ¤O¡X¡X½Ñ«J¡B±Ð·|¡B¶Q±Úªº¨M¾Ô¤¤¡A¥L̳Ì^«i¡C¦ý¹A   
        ¥Án¨ú±o¹ý©³¸Ñ©ñ¡AÁÙ»ÝnµL²£¶¥¯Åªº°í±j»â¾É¡A¦ÓµL²£¶¥¯Å¦P¼Ë¤]¥u¦³»P¹A¥Áµ²¦¨¾d 
        ©TªºÁp·ù¡A¤~¯à»â¾É²©R¨ú±o³Ó§Q¡C
        ¡@
        ¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¦Û¬Ù»P§ï²
        ¡]¥»¤åºK¦Ûhttp://www.chinachristianbooks.org/new/ChristianClassics/history/big5/lesson14.htm¡^
        §ï±Ð¹B°Ê¹ïù°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð»â¾É¶¥¼h¨Ó»¡¡Aªº½T¬O¤@ӫܤjªº¾_¿º¡A¥L̵h©w«äµh¡A²`·P±Ð·|ªº½T¦³«Ü¦h¦a¤è»Ýn§ï²¡G±Ð¬Ó«O¸S¤T¥@¡]Paul   
        Æ·¡^§Y¦ì¤£¤[¡]¥D«á¤@¤¤T¥|¦~¡^«K©e¥ô·F¹F§Q¥§¡]Gasper   
        Contarini¡^¡B¥[©Ôªk¡]Giovanni Caraffa¡^¡BÂĦh¹p¦«¡]Sadoleto¡^¤Îªiº¸¡]Pole¡^µ¥¼Æ¦ì¬õ¦ç¤j¥D±Ð²`¤J¹ô¸Ñ±Ð·|¤º³¡ªº°ÝÃD¨Ã±À°Ê§ó·s¹B°Ê¡C¥L̸g¹L²`¤J½Õ¬d¡B¤Ï¬Ù¡A¦b¥D«á¤@¤¤T¤K¦~§¹¦¨¤@¥÷³ø§i¡A¹ï±Ð·|ºØºØ¬y¹ú§@¥X¸ÔºÉªº¤ÀªR¤ÎÀ˰Q¡A§ó´£¥X§ó·s±Ð·|ªº«ØÄ³¡A©ó¬O«K®i¶}¤F¤@¨t¦Cªº§ï²¡C³o¤@¨t¦Cªº§ï²¨ä¹ê¬O¹L©¹§ï²¹Á¸Õªº©µÄò¡C¦b§ï±Ð¹B°Ê¥¼Ãzµo¤§«e¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤¤¤w¸g¦³¤@¯Z¤HºÜ¤O±À°Ê±Ð·|§ó·s¡C¦b¸ô¼w°v¤W¤E¤Q¤±ø¤§«e¼Æ¤ë¡A«K¦³¤j¬ù¤¤Q¦ì¯«Â¾¤Hû¤Î¥«H®{¦bù°¨²Õ¦¨"¯«·RªÀ"¡]Oratory   
        of Divine Love¡^¡AÀy§Ó§ï²±Ð·|¡C¥L̺¥ý¥Ñ¦Û¤v¶}©l¡A¥Hë§i¡BŪ¸g¡B·q«ô¨Ó¾Þ½m·q°@¡AµM«á³z¹L¥L̥ͩRªº¼vÅT¡A¤Þµo°_±Ð·|¤¤ªºÄÝÆF§ó·s¡C¥L̳o¯Z¤H¤¤¤é«á«Ü¦h¦¨¬°¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº»â¾É¤Hª«¡C°£¦¹¥H¥~¡A¤£¤Ö×¹D°|¤Î×·|¤]¤À§Oº¥¶i¦a²M²zªù¤á¡A´£°ªÄÝÆFªº¯À½è¡C
  
        ¤jP¤W¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤¤ªº§ó·s¹B°Ê¡A´`¤T¤è±¶i¦æ¡C²Ä¤@¡A¥L̨Ϥ¤¥j®É¥Nªº·q°@¼Ò¦¡´_Ĭ¹L¨Ó¡C¤¤¥j®É¥N¦V©¹»P¯««´¦Xªº±¡¾Þº¥º¥ÂX´²¡A¤@ºØ·sªº¯«¯µ¥D¸q¶}©l¥X²{¡A«Ü¦h¸t¾¤Hû¤Î¥«H®{³£°l¨D»P¯««´¦Xªº¸g¾ú¡C¦P®É¡A¤¤¥j®É¥Nªº×¤h±`¥H³h½a¡BªA¨Æ³h¯fµL§Uªº¤H¬°ÄÝÆF¾Þ½mªº¥²¸g¾úµ{¡C³o¤@ºØ¥Í©Rªº²z·Q¤Î±¡¾Þ¨H±I¦h®ÉÔ¡A²{¦b¤S¦A¤@¦¸¦¨¬°¤@ªÑÄÝÆFªº°Ê¤O¡C¨Ò¦p¦b¥D«á¤@¤¤G¢Ý¦~¡A¸t¤èÀÙ·|¥X²{¤F¤@¸s¥H«ì´_¸t¤èÀÙ·|ºë¯«¬°¤v¤H¥ôªº¤H¡A¥LÌÀY¤£À¹¦y´U¡A¬ïµÛ²Ê¦ç¡A¾Ç®Ä¸t¤èÀÙ·|·í¦~¹LµÛ·¥¨ä³h½aªº¥Í¬¡¡A±N¥Í©R¡B®É¶¡§¹¥þÂ\¤W¥hªA¨Æ³h¯fµL¨Ìªº¤H¡C«á¨Ó³o¯Z¤H¦¨¥ß¤F¤@Ó·sªº×·|¡AºÙ¬°¹Å¥¬»º×·|¡]Capuchins¡^¡C¥t¤@¤è±¡A¤¤¥j®É¥Nªº¥t¤@¯S¦â«K¬O¹ï±Ð·|ªº¶Ç²Î¦³·¥«×ªº´L·q¡C«ì´_¤¤¥jªº·q°@¥ç§Y«ì´_¹ï¶Ç²Îªº´L·q¡C©ó¬O¤@ªÑ§¹¥þ»P§ï±Ð¬£¤Ï¹ï¶Ç²Îªº¤£¦P¼é¬y¦b¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤¤¿³°_¡C¥L̤ñ¤¤¥j«H®{§ó´L±R±Ð·|ªº¶Ç²Î¡C¥ç¦]¬°³o½t¬G¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤¤ªº§ó·s¹B°Ê±`±`³QºÙ¬°"´_¥j¹B°Ê"¡C
        ²Ä¤G¤è±¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº»â³S̨ü¤F§ï±Ð¬£ªº¨ë¿E¡A¤£±o¤£¹ï¶Ç²Îªº¯«¾ÇÅé¨t¨Ó¤@¦¸«¤jªºÀ˰Q¡C¥LÌ·í¤¤¦³¤£¤Ö¹ï¤_¸ô¼w©Ò´£Òªº¦]«HºÙ¸qªº¹D²z©ê¤@ºØ¦P±¡¬Æ¦ÜªY½àªººA«×¡A¦ý«o¦³¥t¤@¨Ç¤H©T°õ©ó¤¤¥j®É¥Nªº¯«¾Ç¬[ºc¡C³o¨â¬£¤H¬Û¤¬¼vÅT¡A¨Ï¤Ñ¥D±Ð¦b¯«¾Ç¤è±¤]¥X²{¤F¤@¨Ç·sªºµo®i¡CÁöµM¤jP¤W¥L̪º¯«¾Ç¨ÌµM¬O©T¦u¤¤¥jªº¬[ºc¡A¦ý¤¤¥j¯«¾Çªº¤ç¤çp¸ûÅÞ¿è«äÅG¤ÎÆp¤û¨¤¦yªº¶É¦V³Q×¥¿¹L¨Ó¡C¥L̶}©lª`«¸t¸gªº±Ð¾É¡B¶Ç²ÎªºÄÄÄÀ¤Î¥Í¬¡ªº¹ê½î¡C©TµM¡A¸g°|¾Ç¬£ªº®ð¨ý¨ÌµM«Ü¿@«¡Aªü«¶¨ºªº¯«¾Ç¨ÌµM¬O¤Ñ¥D±Ð¯«¾Çªº¥D¾É¡A¦ý·s¿³ªº¸g°|¾Ç¬£¹ï©ó®É¥Nªº»Ýn§ó¾A¤Á¡A¤£¦A¹³¹L©¹ªº¸g°|¯«¾Ç»·Â÷¤H¸s¡C¦P®É¡A¹ï¤_ªü«¶¨ºªº¯«¾Ç¤]§@¥X¤F·sªº¸àÄÀ¡A¨Ò¦p´¿¼f¬d¸ô¼w¯«¾Çªº{C¥¹¤j¥D±Ð¡]Cajetan¡^¶·«·sª`ÄÀªü«¶¨ºªº¨t²Î¯«¾Ç¡A¨Ï¥¦§ó¤Á¦X®É¥Nªº»Ýn¡A¦Ó{C¥¹ªº·sª`ÄÀ¦¨¬°·í®Éªº¼Ðã½Ò¥»¡C¥i¨£·í®Éªº¤Ñ¥D±Ð»â³S¦h?¶O¤ß¦a±N¤¤¥j¯«¾Ç¥»¤g¤Æ¦b·í®Éªº®É¥N¤¤¡C
        ²Ä¤T¤è±¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð»P°ò·þ±Ð¤H¤å¥D¸qÄâ¤â¡A¦X¤Oµo®i¤å¤Æ¡A¥ø¹Ï²£¥Í¤@ºØ·sªº¤å¤Æ¿Ä©M¡A´N¹³¤¤¥j®É¥N¤@¼Ë¡A°ò·þ±Ð«H¥õ¦¨¬°¤å¤Æ«Ø¥ßªº°ò¦¡C²{¦b¤¤¥j¤å¤Æ±Y¼ì¤F¡A¥LÌ«K¹Á¸Õ¡A³z¹L§ß§Upºâ¾÷¤H¤å¥D¸qªºµo®i¡A¦b¤å¤Æªº¦U¼h±¨ú±o»â¾Éªº¦a¦ì¡A¥H²£¥Í¤@ºØ¤å¤Æ§ó·sªº°Ê¤O¡C¦b¤å¤Æ««Ø³o¤@¤è±¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤ñ§ï±Ð¬£§ó¦³¦¨´N¡A¬O¦]¬°¥L̤£³æ¨S¦³¹³¸ô¼w¤@¼Ë´¬±ó°ò·þ±Ð¤H¤å¥D¸q¡A¤Ï¦Ó»P¥L̵²¦X¡A©ó¬O«Ü¦h«nªº¬ì¾Ç®a¡A«ä·Q®a¦¨¬°¤Ñ¥D±Ð«Ü¤jªº§U¤O¡C
        ²Ä¥|¤è±¡A¤@ªÑ«Å±Ðªº¼ö§Õ¦b¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤º¿³°_¡A¦¨¬°¤é«á±Ð·|¤j¤jÂX®iªº°ò¦¡C«Å±Ðªº¼ö§Õ³Ìªì¬O°w¹ï¨º¨Ç§ï±Ð¬£ªº¡A¤@¨Ç¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº×¤h¥H¦V³o¨Ç²§ºÝ¶Ç¥¿²Î«H¥õ¬°¤v¥ô¡C«á¨Ó¡A³o¨Ç¥ø¹Ï¤Þ¾É§ï±Ð¬£«H®{«¦^¤Ñ¥D±ÐÃh©êªº×¤h̤´º¥º¥ÂX¤j¥L̪º¤u§@¥Ø¼Ð¤Î½d³ò¡A¥H¦Ü¦b¤Q¤C¥@¬ö®É¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¦V¥~«Å±Ð¬¡°Ê«K®i¶}¤F¡A¨Ã¥Bµo®i±o¬Û·í§Ö¡C¦Ó³o®ÉÔ§ï±Ð¬£«o¬°¤F¤º³¡ªº¯Éª§¡A°±º¢¤£«e¡A¦V¥~«Å±Ð´X¥G³s·Q¤]¥¼·Q¹L¡A¦]¦¹«Å±Ð¹B°Êªº¶}®i¤ñ¤Ñ¥D±Ð¿ð¤F´X¥G¨âÓ¥@¬ö¡C¤Ñ¥D±ÐÁöµM¦b¼Ú¬w¥¢§Q¡A¦ý¦b¨ä¥L¦a¤è«o¦]«Å±Ð¬¡°Ê¦Ó±o¨ì«D±`¤jªº¦¨ªG¡C
        ¦b¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº§ó·s¹B°Ê¤¤¡A¦³¨âªÑ«nªº¤O¶q¦b¨ä¤¤±À°Ê¡A²Ä¤@«K¬O"¤Ñ¯S·|ij"¡]Council   
        of Trent¡A 1545-1563 A.D.¡^¡A²Ä¤G«K¬O·s¦¨¥ßªº"C¿q·|"¡]Society   
        of Jesus¡^¡C
  
        "¤Ñ¯S·|ij"¬O«O¸S¤T¥@¬°¦b«æÅܮɥN¤¤«·s½T©w±Ð·|ªº¨¥÷¤Î¤è¦V¦Ó¥l¶}ªº¡C¤Ñ¯S·|ijÂ_Â_ÄòÄòªº¦b¥D«á¤@¤¥|¤¦Ü¥|¤C¦~¡A¤@¤¤¤@¦Ü¤¤G¦~¤Î¤@¤¤»¤G¦Ü¤»¤T¦~¶i¦æ¡C·|ijªºªì´Á¡A¥L̰Q½×±Ð·|¤¤ªº¬y¹ú¤Î§ï²ªº¨BÆJ¡A¨Ã´M¨D»P§ï±Ð¬£´_¦Xªº¥i¯à¡C·í®É¥Nªí¥D±i´_©Mªº¦³·F¹F§Q¥§¤Îªiº¸µ¥¡A¦b¥L̪º¶Ê«P¤U¡A«O¸S¤T¥@¤]¦³´_©Mªº¶É¦V¡CµM¦Ó¥[©Ôªk¤Î¨ä¥Lªº»â¾É«o¤O¥D¥ÎÄY¼Fªº¤âªk¹ï¥I¨º¨Ç§P±Ðªº¤H¡A¤£¯à¹ï¥LÌÅý¨B¡C¥LÌ¥ç¦V±Ð¬Ó·¥¤O¶i¿Ï¡Aµ²ªG±Ð¬Ó¶É¦V¥L̳o¨Ç±jµw¬£ªº¤@¤è¡A¦b¥L̪º¨ó§U¤U¡A²Õ´²§ºÝµô§P©Ò¹ï¥I§ï±Ð¬£¡A¨Ã¥[±j¥L̫űЪº¬¡°Ê¡A¥s§ó¦hªº¤H«¦^¤Ñ¥D±ÐªºÃh©ê¡C
        ¦b¥t¤@¤è±¡A¥LÌP¤O©ó½T¥ß¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¯«¾Ç¥ß³õ¡A§_©w§ï±Ð¬£¹ï¦]«HºÙ¸qªº¬Ýªk¡G°í«ù±Ð·|¶Ç²Îªº¤C¶µ¸t§¡A»{¬°¥¦Ì¬O¦¨´N±Ï®¦©Ò¥²¶·ªº¡Q¦P®ÉªÖ©w·Òº»ªº¦s¦b¡AªÖ©w¬°·Òº»¤¤³Q§xªºÆF»îë§i¬O¦³®Äªº¡Q¤]ªÖ©wÅ«¸o¨éªº¥\®Ä¡A¦ý¹ï©óÅ«¸o¨é©Ò¤ÞPªººØºØ¹úºÝ¥ç¥[¥H«ü³d¡C©Î³\§ó«nªº¬O¡A¤Ñ¯S·|ij«·s½T¥ß¤F±Ð¬ÓªºÅv«Â¡A»{¬°¥u¦³¥L¤~¥i¥H¸ÑÄÀ±Ð·|¶Ç²Îªº«H±ø¤Î¿Ù¥O¡C
        §ÚÌ¥i¥H»¡¡A¤Ñ¯S·|ij¤@¤è±§â±Ð·|¤¤¤@¨Ç±ÑÃa¡B¬y¹ú²M²z¹L¨Ó¡A¦ý¥t¤@¤è±«o¦b«H¥õ¤W¨Ï¤Ñ¥D±Ð±Ð·|Åܱo§ó«O¦u¡A§ó«Ê³¬¡A³o¬O«D±`¥i±¤ªº¡C
        ¹ï¤Ñ¥D±Ð¤º³¡ªº§ó·s¹B°Ê¦³²ö¤j°^Ämªº¥t¤@Ó¦]¯À¬O"C¿q·|"ªº¦¨¥ß¤ÎÂX®i¡CC¿q·|ªº³Ð©l¤H¬Oùģ©Ô¡]Ignatius   
        Loyola, 1491-1556 A.D.¡^¡C¥L¦~»´®É¦V©¹¦æxªº¬ö«ß¾Þ½m¡A¨Ã¥Bº¡Ãhx¨Æ³¥¤ß¡A¥i¬O¦b¤@³õ¾Ô§Ð¤¤¥Lªº»L³¡¨ü¨ìÄY«·l¶Ë¡A¨Ï¥LÅܦ¨´Ý¼o¡A¤£¯à¦A±qx¡C¦b·¥«×ªºµhW¤¤¡A¥LºÆ¨g¦üªº¾\ŪÄÝÆF®ÑÄy¡A¯S§O¬O¤@¨Ç¸t¤Hªº¶Ç°O¡C³Ì«á¥L¨ü·P°Ê¡A±N´Ý¯Êªº¤@¥ÍÄm»P¸t¥À¡A¦¨¬°¸t¥Àx¶¤¤¤ªº¤h§L¡A¬°¸t¥À¥´ÄÝÆFªº¾Ôª§¡C¥L²¬·U«á¥»¨Ó·Q¨ìC¸ô¼»§N¶ÇºÖµ¡A¦ý¨ºùتº½E¬Ì¨Ï¥L¤£¯à«e©¹¡C¦bµ¥Ô¯«®t»ºªº³o¬q®É´Á¡A¥L¤º¤ß¥Rº¡±Ã²Ï--¸oªº¤Þ»¤¡AºÃ´bªº«IÂZ¡C¦ý¬O¦b±Ã²Ï¤¤¥L±o¨ì¤@Ó«Ü«nªº©w½×¡A´N¬On¤@¤ß¤@·N¦aÄm»P¯«¡Aº¥ýn¾Ç²ßªº«K¬Oµ´¹ïªºªA±q¡A¦ÓªA±q¯«³Ì¨ãÅ骺ªí¹F«K¬OªA±q¯«¦b¦a¤Wªº¥Nªí¡A¥ç§Y±Ð¬Ó¡C
  
        «á¨Ó¥L²×©ó¥i¥H¥hC¸ô¼»§N¶Ç¹D¤F¡A«oµo²{¦Û¤v¤~²¨¾Ç²L¡AµLªk³Ó¥ô³\¦h¤u§@¡C©ó¬O¥L«K¨M©w¡An¬°¥D§@¨£µý«K±o¦n¦nªº¸Ë³Æ¦Û¤v¡A©ó¬O¥Ñ¤p¾ÇŪ°_¡Aª½Åª¨ì¤j¾Ç¡C¦b¤j¾Ç¤¤¥L»{ÃѤF¤»¦ì¦P¦ñ¡C¥L̤@°_ë§i¡A¤@¦P¦³·¥¤jªºt¾á¶ÇºÖµ¡C¸g¹L¤@¬q®É¶¡ªº¹Î«´¡Bµ¥Ô¡A¥L̲פ_¤@¦P»}¦º®Ä©¾±Ð¬Ó¡AÅý¥ô±Ð¬Ó®t»º¡A¨Ã¥H³h½a¡Bs¼ä¬°¥Í¬¡ªº¼Ð°O¡CC¿q·|«K¬O³o¼Ë¦¨¥ß¤F¡CC¿q·|¦b±Ð¾É¥«H®{¡A¿ì¾Ç¤Î«Å±Ð¤è±¡A¦³·¥°ªªº¦¨´N¡A¤]¬Oªñ´X¦Ê¦~¨Ó¤Ñ¥D±Ð·|¤¤µo®i³Ì§Öªº×·|¡C¥L̦³¦p±Ð¬Ó¤â¤U¤@¤äÃe¤jªºx¶¤¡A¬°¥L®Ä©R¡A¤@¤è±±a»â§ï±Ð¬£¦^Âà¡A¤@¤è±®i¶}®ü¥~«Å±Ð¡A¦b¤Q¤»¥@¬ö¡A¥L̪º«Å±Ð¤h¤w¸g½ñ¤W¤F»·ªFªº¤g¦a¤F¡C
        ¡@
        ¤T¤Q¦~¾Ôª§¡]1618¦~¡ã1648¦~¡^
        ¡]¥»¤åºK¦Ûhttp://mil.anhuinews.com/ahnews/article/20030317/20030300275327_1.html¡^
        ¤¤¥@¬ö«á´Á¯«¸tù°¨«Ò°ê¤éÁͨS¸¨¡A¤º³¡½Ñ«JªL¥ß¯Éª§¤£Â_¡A©v±Ð§ï²¹B°Ê¤§«á¤Sµo®i¥X¤Ñ¥D±Ð©M·s±Ðªº¦y¾U¹ï¥ß¡A¥[¤§©PÃä°ê®a¯É¯É±U°_¡A©ó1618¦~¨ì1648¦~Ãzµo¤F¼Ú¬w¥Dn°ê®a¯É¯É±²¤J¯«¸tù°¨«Ò°ê¤º¾Ôªº¤j³W¼Ò°ê»Ú¾Ôª§¡A¤SºÙ¡§©v±Ð¾Ôª§¡¨¡C
        ¾Ô«e¡A¼Ú¬w§Î¦¨¤F¨â¤j¹ï¥ß¶°¹Î¡G¥Ñ¶ø¦a§Q¡B¦è¯Z¤ú¡B¼w·N§Ó¤Ñ¥D±ÐÁp·ù²Õ¦¨ªº«¢¥¬´µ³ù¶°¹Î¡A±o¨ìù°¨±Ð¬Ó©MªiÄõ¤ä´©¡F©M¥Ñªk°ê¡B¤¦³Á¡B·ç¨å¡B²üÄõ¡B¼w·N§Ó·s±ÐÁp·ù²Õ¦¨ªº¤Ï«¢¥¬´µ³ùÁp·ù¡A±o¨ì^°ê©M«X°ê¤ä´©¡C¥H1618¦~±¶§JÃzµo¤Ï¹ï«¢¥¬´µ³ùªº°_¸q¬°¾É¤õ¯Á¡A¨â¤j¶°¹Î±²¤J¥þ±¾Ôª§¡A¤À¬°4Ó¶¥¬q¡C
        ²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¡G1618¦~¡ã1624¦~¡AºÙ¬°±¶§J¶¥¬q¡C1526¦~±¶§J¨Ã¤J¯«¸tù°¨«Ò°ê¡A¹ê»Ú²_¬°¶ø¦a§Q«¢¥¬´µ³ù®a±Úªº»â¦a¡C1617¦~¡A«¢¥¬´µ³ù®a±Úªº¶O}«n³Q«Ê¬°±¶§J°ê¤ý¡A¶}©lºÆ¨g¢®`·s±Ð®{¡A1618¦~¡A±¶§J¤H¥ÁÃzµo°_¸q¡A¨³³t¦û»â¤F¥¬©Ô®æ¡A«Å§G¿W¥ß¡C²Ä¤G¦~¦~°_¸qx¶i§ð¶ø¦a§Q¡A¥]³ò¤Fºû¤]¯Ç¡A¶}©l»P¶O}«n¶i¦æ½Í§P¡C1620¦~¦è¯Z¤úx¶¤2.4¸U¤H§ð¤J±¶§J¡A´£§Q²v¤Ñ¥D±Ð¶±¶ÄxÀ»±Ñ°_¸qx¡A¦P¦~8¤ë¡A°_¸qªÌ°h¦^±¶§J¡C1620¦~11¤ë¡A°Ò´µµáº¸¼w²Î«Óªº·s±ÐÁp·ùx©M´£§Q¤Ñ¥D±ÐÁp·ùx¦b¥¬©Ô®æ¨M¾Ô¡A·s±Ð·ùx«Ü§Ö³QÀ»¼ì¡A°_¸qªÌ³Q¦å¸{ÂíÀ£¡C1620¦~©³¦è¯Z¤úx©M¤Ñ¥D±ÐÁp·ùx§ð¤J´¶ªkº¸¯ý¡A1623¦~À»±Ñ·s±Ðx¡A²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¥H¤Ñ¥D±ÐÁp·ù³Ó§Q§i²×¡C
        ²Ä¤G¶¥¬q¡A1625¡ã1629¦~¡AºÙ¬°¤¦³Á¶¥¬q¡C¤Ñ¥D±ÐÁp·ùªº³Ó§Q«Â¯Ù¨ì¤F¼w·N§Ó·s±Ð½Ñ«J¡A1625¦~¤¦³Á¦b^¡Bªk¡B²ü·ù°êªº¤ä´©¤U©M·s±ÐÁp·ùÁp¦X¦V«Ò°ê¬Ó«Òµo°_¶i§ð¡A«Ü§Ö§ð¤J¼w°ê¦è¥_³¡¡A°Ò´µµáº¸¼w²v^x¦û»â±¶§J¦è³¡¡C1624¦~¬Ó«Ò°_¥ÎµØÛ´µ©Z¶±¶Äx¡C4¤ëµØÛ´µ©ZÀ»±Ñ°Ò´µµáº¸¼w¡A¤§«áÀ»±Ñ¤¦³Á¡A±±¨î¤FÂħJ´Ë¦a°Ï¡C¤¦³Á³Q¢©ó¦¸¦~5¤ë¦P¬Ó«Òñ©w¡u§f¨©§J©M¬ù¡v°h¥X¼w·N§Ó¡C
        ²Ä¤T¶¥¬q¡A1630¦~¡ã1635¦~¡AºÙ¬°·ç¨å¶¥¬q¡C¤¦³Á¥¢±Ñ«á¬Ó«Ò©M¤Ñ¥D±ÐÁp·ù¶Õ¤OÂX±i¨ìªiùªº®ü¡A¤Þ°_·ç¨åªº¤£º¡¡A1630¦~·ç¨å°ê¤ý¥j´µ¶ð¤Ò.ªü¹D¤Ò¤G¥@¦bªk°ê¤ä´©¤U«Óx¦b¶ø¼wªe¤fµn³°¡A¦b·ù°ê¤ä´©¤U¨³³t§ð¦û¤F¼w°ê¥_³¡©M¤¤³¡ªº¤j¤ù»â¤g¡C1631¦~7¤ë¡F·ç¨åx©M´£§Q¶±¶Äx¶i¦æºûº¸¥»·|¾Ô¡A´£§Q¼ì±Ñ¡A¦P¦~9¤ë17¤é¡AÂù¤è¶°¤¤¥D¤O¶i¦æ¥¬¿à¼ðµáº¸¼w·|¾Ô¡A·ç¨å©MÂħJ´ËÁpx¨Ì¾a¥j´µ¶ð¤Ò³Ð³yªº¥þ·s¾Ô³N¤j±Ñ´£§Q¡A1632¦~4¤ë¥j´µ¶ð¤Ò«Ó·s±ÐÁp·ùx¦bµÜ¯ôªe¦A¦¸À»±Ñ´£§Q´Ý³¡¡A´£§Q°}¤`¡A·ç¨åx¶i¦ÓÅX³v¦è¯Z¤úx¦û»âµÜ¯ô°Ï¡C¬Ó«Ò¦A¦¸°_¥Î¥ËÛ´µ©Z¡AµØÛ´µ©Z¾Ç²ß¤F¥j´µ¶ð¤Ò¾Ô³N¨Ã¤ÁÂ_¤F·ç¨åx«á¶Ô¸Éµ¹½u¡Aªý¤î¤F·ç¨åxªº§ð¶Õ¡A1632¦~11¤ë¨âx¦b§f§Â¨M¾Ô¡A·ç¨åxÀò³Ó¡A¦ýÂù¤è§¡·l¥¢ºG«¡A¥j´µ¶ð¤Ò¤G¥@°}¤`¡C·ç¨åx°±¤î¤FÂX±i¡AµØÛ´µ©Z¤]°h¦^±¶§J³Î¾Ú¡A«á¾D¬Ó«Ò·t±þ¡C
        1634¦~9¤ë¡A¤Ñ¥D±Ð©M¦è¯Z¤úÁpx¦b¯Ç¼wªL®Ú·|¾Ô¤¤À»±Ñ·ç¨å©M·s±ÐÁpx¡A·ç¨åx¥D¤O·l¥¢¬pºÉ¡A¥¢¥h¤F¼w·N§Ó¤¤³¡ªºÂħJ´Ë©M«kÄõµn³ù»â¦a¡C
        ²Ä¥|¶¥¬q¡A1635¡ã1648¦~¡A¬°¥þ¼Ú²V¾Ô¶¥¬q¡C1635¦~ªk°êª½±µ¥X§L¼w·N§Ó¡B¥§¼wÄõ¡B¸q¤j§Q¡B¦è¯Z¤ú¡C·ç¨åx¶X¾÷¦A¦¸«I¤J¼w·N§Ó¤¤«n³¡¡C
        1636¦~¡ã1637¦~¦è¯Z¤úx¹ïªk°ê«n¥_§¨À»¶i¹G¤Ú¾¤¡A³Qªkx¦UÓÀ»¯}¡A1638¦~8¤ëªk°ê®üxÀ»±Ñ¦è¯Z¤ú®üx¡A1639¦~10¤ë¦è¯Z¤ú®üx¥D¤O³Q²üÄõÄè·À¡C1643¦~5¤ë¡A¤Õ¥N¿Ë¤ý«ü´§ªkx¦bù§J¾|¥Ë·|¾Ô¤¤¥þÄè¦è¯Z¤úx¥D¤O¡C
        1642¦~11¤ë·ç¨åx¦A¦¸¦b¥¬¿à¼ðµáº¸¼wÀ»±Ñ¬Ó«Òx¡A¦¹®É¤¦³Á«o¦V·ç¨å«Å¾Ô¡A©ó1644¦~À»¼ì·ç¨å²üÄõÁp¦XÄ¥¶¤¡A¤£¤[·ç²üÁp¦XÄ¥¶¤Äè·À¤F¤¦³Á®üx¡A¤¦³Á±À¥X¾Ôª§¡C1645¦~3¤ë¡A·ç¨åx¦b±¶§J«³Ð¬Ó«Òx¡A¦P¦~8¤ëªkx¤S¦b¯ÇªL®Ú·|¾Ô¤¤À»±Ñ¬Ó«Òx¡A¬Ó«Ò¥á¥¢¤j³¡¤À¼w·N§Ó»â¤g¡A1648¦~ªk·çÁpx¦b³B´µ°¨´µ»¨´Ë·|¾Ô¤¤¹ý©³À»±Ñ¬Ó«Òx¡C¦P¦~10¤ë¯«¸tù°¨«Ò°ê©M°Ñ¾Ô¦U¤èñ©w¡uºû´µ¯S¥ï§Q¨È©M¬ù¡v¡A¤T¤Q¦~¾Ôª§µ²§ô¡C
        ¡@
        ¤h¤å§J´´¯Sªº¥Í¥»P«ä·Q
         ¡]¥»¤åºK¦Ûhttp://www.rpc.ox.ac.uk/sfld/cslife.htm¡^
        Spiritual Beginnings
  
        Sometime in 1518, or perhaps 1519, Caspar   
        Schwenckfeld experienced what he refers to as a "visitation of the   
        divine" ¡]in German, Heimsuchung Gottes, literally   
        "home-seeking of God"¡^. He admits that he was not   
        particularly religious during his early years as a court advisor, but   
        his pattern of behavior changed after 1518.
  
        The visitation to which he refers was not the only change in his life at   
        the time. He was directly affected by his reading of Luther's writings,   
        and he undertook a serious study of the Scriptures at this point in his   
        life as well. Shortly before September 1519, his father died and not   
        long after that Schwenckfeld began to lose his hearing, an event which   
        forced him to return to his family estate at Ossig ¡]now run by brother   
        Hans¡^ and to serve Duke Friedrich as only an occasional advisor,   
        although he did remain highly influential at the court.
  
        By 1521 he was seriously supporting the 
        cause of reform, and had won his Duke to his programme by 1522. But from 
        the very beginning Schwenckfeld's position seems to have differed from 
        Luther's, and by 1524 the differences were abundantly clear. In June of 
        that year he published an Admonition to the Silesian preachers in which 
        he attempted to rectify problems he saw arising from Luther's theology.
        He was concerned above all that five   
        principles at the center of Luther's position were misleading the simple   
        people of the day. These were ¡]1¡^ that faith alone justifies, ¡]2¡^   
        that an individual does not have free well, ¡]3¡^ that we cannot keep   
        God's commandments, ¡]4¡^ that our works are of no avail, and ¡]5¡^   
        that Christ has made satisfaction for us.
  
        The Nature of Faith
        Ever concerned with the practical results 
        of theology, Schwenckfeld did not reject these principles out of hand in 
        his Admonition. Indeed, he had been initially drawn by their very 
        "practicality" for the reform he supported. But by 1524, he 
        had come to believe that if pressed too far, these keystones of 
        reformation could prove ultimately destructive of their very intent.
        To grasp the issue, it might be best for a 
        moment to stand back from the specifics of Schwenckfeld's argument and 
        look at the debate over the first principle, "that faith alone 
        justifies," in its full context.
        The traditional theology that Schwenckfeld   
        had inherited had always taught that an individual is justified by grace   
        through faith -- that was a Catholic as well as a Protestant position.   
        The problem arose in regard to the nature of the faith by which one is   
        justified. Catholics in Schwenckfeld's day ¡]and ours¡^ teach that   
        justifying faith must be understood in the context of Galatians 5:6   
        "For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision is of   
        any avail, but faith working through love."
  
        It was this last phrase, "working 
        through love," which had led to the problems Luther pointed to.
        When simplistically interpreted by some 
        theologians, this phrase had come to mean for many that the faith which 
        availed was dependent on the acts of love through which it worked. Worse 
        yet, in the hands of ecclesiastical bureaucrats "works of 
        love" came to be understood as the fulfillment of institutionalised 
        religious regulations.
        In this setting, one can understand both 
        Luther's and Schwenckfeld's sense of release when they rad Ephesians 
        2:8: "For by grace you have been saved through faith." Here 
        "Faith" stood alone; the words "working through 
        love" were missing, and the remainder of the verse emphasized the 
        fact: "this is not of your own doing, it is the gift of God -- not 
        because of works." Faith availed in itself for salvation and 
        required no "working through love," certainly not in the sense 
        of keeping the particular rules set down in a code of church law, or by 
        reciting formulaic prayers.
        Unlike Luther, Schwenckfeld did not proceed   
        to limit his theology by this insight ¡]Luther's so-called "canon   
        within the Canon"¡^. He was always more concerned with the results   
        of a theological system on the life of individuals and the society in   
        which they lived. He often spoke of his work as a "middle way"   
        between what had become in the early sixteenth century two warring   
        positions. Thus he would continue to uphold the need for Christian works   
        of love while supporting what he considered the central insight of the   
        Wittenberg movement. The results were to be expected: He was viewed by   
        both sides as supporting their opponents.
  
        The Sacramental Center of Faith
        Surprisingly enough, it was not over the 
        issues noted in the 1524 Admonition that the real debate between 
        Schwenckfeld and Luther erupted. To find a middle way between two 
        opponents, as was the case in the so-called "faith-works" 
        issue is one thing; it is quite another when a topic arises in which 
        there are three conflicting opinions. This was the case regarding the 
        Lord's Supper.
        By the middle of the 1520s this debate was   
        already in full flower. Catholics maintained that when the priest   
        elevated the bread at the altar and pronounced the words of   
        consecration, the bread became the body of Christ ¡]this position is   
        called transubstantiation¡^. The Swiss, under the leadership of Uldrich   
        Zwingli, on the other hand, rejected such a position altogether and   
        insisted that the bread merely represented the body of Christ.
  
        In a sense, in this disagreement, Luther's   
        position was the middle way. Those who followed him taught that more   
        than simple representation occurred in the sacrament, but they rejected   
        any interpretation which might lead one to think in terms of magical   
        transformation. The body of Christ they taught, was "in, with, and   
        under" the bread ¡]called consubstantiation¡^.
  
        For Schwenckfeld all three explanations   
        were unsatisfactory. Once again, what troubled him more than the   
        divisive theologies of the Sacrament were practical results. Those who   
        eat and drink of the body and blood of Christ unworthily, he believed   
        with St. Paul, are "guilty of profaning" the body and blood   
        ¡]1 Cor. 11:27¡^. What constituted unworthy participation more than   
        doing so while anathematizing one's fellow Christians All three groups   
        celebrated this central rite of Christian faith and unity while in open   
        warfare with other Christians.
  
        The situation was an open offence to the 
        Faith, and Schwenckfeld was early concerned with it. He and his learned 
        friend, Valentine Crautwald, had discussed the issue at length and the 
        latter was greatly troubled over it.
        Crautwald returned home after attending 
        early communion on 16 September 1525 to consider the matter. After a 
        full day of reflection he fell asleep for a short time and awoke before 
        dawn on September 17. Suddenly all the passages of Scripture relating to 
        the problem were before him, and a "sweet voice" opened them 
        to him.
        The vision he experienced and the ten days 
        following it which were spent in detailed examination of its 
        implications, he described in a letter to Schwenckfeld. Schwenckfeld in 
        turn developed the results of the vision along with Crautwald.
        The disputed words of institution should be 
        read as follows: "My body is this, namely, food." "It was 
        not until the disciples had eaten the bread and drunk the wine that 
        Christ spoke the words. Bread is not a food until the grain has been 
        grown, threshed, ground, baked and eaten; bread when eaten nourishes and 
        strengthens the body." The word "is" in the words of 
        institution means "is," not "represents," but one 
        must distinguish between the physical and the spiritual. "Give the 
        physical to the body, the spiritual to the poor soul which is spiritual; 
        let physical bread nourish the physical body, the invisible [bread], the 
        invisible soul."
        By faith, then, one truly does eat the 
        spiritual body of Christ, and in time Schwenckfeld and Crautwald would 
        work out the implications of their theology, teaching that the spiritual 
        grain thus eaten by faith grows in the believer, transforming him or her 
        toward the full image of God, the person of Christ.
        On 30 November 1525 ¡]two months after   
        Crautwald's vision¡^, Schwenckfeld traveled to Wittenberg to present   
        their finds to Luther. He was rebuffed by the great reformer, and from   
        then on their paths would clearly separate.
  
        The Suspension ¡]"Stillstand"¡^   
        Of the Sacrament
  
        In spite of Luther's rebuff, Schwenckfeld 
        seems to have remained hopeful that his "middle way" might yet 
        become a reality. He returned to Liegnitz and there with the aid of his 
        duke and the brotherhood that had formed around him, worked avidly for 
        the reform of the church in his area. He supported the foundation of a 
        university in Liegnitz and encouraged extensive catechetical work, both 
        of theoretical and practical nature.
        He also continued to write and speak on 
        behalf of his explanation of the Lord's Supper. But what of the practice 
        of the Supper Christians were still fighting with one another and now 
        Schwenckfeld as well had entered the fray. On 21 April 1526 he, 
        Crautwald, and the preachers and pastors of Liegnitz issued a circular 
        letter reflecting the tension they then felt, and their solution for the 
        impossible situation in which they found themselves.
        "The fact of the matter is this: Since 
        we and many others, including some of the populace, have felt and 
        recognized that little betterment is resulting as yet from the preaching 
        of the Gospel," something must be wrong. And what could be more 
        wrong than the improper celebration of the central Christian rite 
        "[Since this is the case,] we think that the Holy Sacrament or 
        mystery of the body and blood of Christ has not been observed according 
        to the Gospel and command of Christ." Those who eat and drink 
        unworthily, eat and drink judgement unto themselves, and therefore, 
        "we admonish men in this critical time to suspend for a time the 
        observance of the highly venerable Sacrament."
        The suspension did nothing to ease tensions 
        within Christendom; for the next four years the bulk of Schwenckfeld's 
        writing was directed to this issue. His duke, Friedrich II supported 
        him, but as the heat of the reformation debate increased, Friedrich 
        increasingly found himself in a dilemma. Politically it was necessary 
        for the Silesians to draw closer to the Lutheran position, but with a 
        counselor of so high a profile as Schwenckfeld expressing an 
        anti-Lutheran position, this was difficult.
        Finally in 1529, to avoid bringing his duke 
        further embarrassment, Schwenckfeld went into voluntary self-exile. The 
        most reasonable place for him to take refuge was the city of Strasbourg, 
        then undergoing a reform under the direction of Martin Butzer.
        Time in Strasbourg
        Strasbourg was remarkably tolerant for the   
        time, and as a result attracted persons of widely different religious   
        opinions. It was here, for example, that Schwenckfeld met the Anabaptist   
        Pilgram Marpeck with whom he would enter a lengthy debate in the 1540s.   
        It was also here that he seems to have come to know the thought of   
        Melchior Hofmann, whose position on the celestial body of Christ had   
        much in common with his own, although he always maintained that Hofmann   
        had borrowed ideas from him and not he from Hofmann.
  
        Although he maintained a peaceful tone in the debate at the time,   
        Schwenckfeld held a firm debating position. He supported his ideas with   
        learning and care, and he did attract enough followers that his   
        opponents were forced to take him seriously ¡]his position as a member   
        of the nobility also seems to have required this¡^.
  
        Nevertheless, his point of view was a 
        minority one during the period and was never supported by a powerful 
        political leader. What this meant was that he was ever forced to debate 
        without the possibility of winning. That pattern would remain throughout 
        his life.
        We must take care not to romanticize the results. Like other supporters 
        of unpopular theological positions at the time, Schwenckfeld undoubtedly 
        suffered persecution, and it is clear that he never settled permanently 
        in one place for the rest of his life. However, he was able for 
        significant periods of time to find the physical stability necessary for 
        the study and production of his numerous theological treatises and 
        letters.
        Confessor of the Glory of Christ
        In 1541 he was living near the south German 
        town of Kempten and had for his use the library of the Benedictine 
        monastery there. It was here in the same year that he completed his 
        longest and most complex work, The Great Confession on The Glory of 
        Christ.
        Schwenckfeld's thought on the nature and 
        person of Christ was fully developed by 1538 at the latest, but he had 
        been reflecting on the question from his earliest writings on the 
        sacrament in the 1520s. What he was ever concerned with was that the 
        body of Christ not be disparaged, or, to put it positively, that the 
        glorified body of Christ be properly confessed.
        Because Schwenckfeld's christology was not   
        accepted by his contemporaries or later generations ¡]indeed, it was   
        considered heretical by man¡^, it continues to be noted as one of the   
        most "peculiar" aspects of his thought. But, peculiar or not,   
        it was the center-point of his work, and, in honor of this core   
        doctrine, his followers continued to call themselves "Confessors of   
        the Glory of Christ" until the eighteenth century.
  
        The obscure theological details and their   
        source in the writings of the early church need not detain us at this   
        point. Simply put, Schwenckfeld distinguished two natures ¡]a divine   
        and a human¡^ in the person of Christ, as does Christian orthodoxy. But   
        he thought of the human nature in terms of a "celestial   
        flesh."
        Jesus' flesh, he taught, was increasingly 
        divinised by his divine nature during his earthly sojourn, so that it 
        was transfigured and thereafter resurrected, taken up, and glorified at 
        the right hand of the Father. It is on this glorified flesh that the 
        believer feeds by faith; it is this flesh which by faith believers 
        spiritually partake of, and which, in turn, grows like a grain of 
        mustard in them as they grow daily in the image of Christ.
        Whatever one might think of Schwenckfeld's   
        christology today ¡]whether it can be defended or not as orthodox as he   
        thought it could¡^ is a separate question. What we need to understand   
        is Schwenckfeld's intention in developing such a doctrine. He never   
        though simplistically or literally. The glorified body of Christ which   
        sits at the right hand of the Father is the body of which one partakes   
        in the Sacrament. It is not to be separated from the body of Christ in   
        which believers live and move and have their being and which they call   
        by the name "Church."
  
        Thus one eats and drinks judgement upon   
        oneself, according to I Corinthians 11:29, when one eats and drinks of   
        the body and blood of Christ in the Lord's Supper "without   
        discerning the body"; "body" here referring to the bread   
        which is the spiritual body of Christ -- the community of believers   
        throughout the world, or the Church -- and referring to the glorified   
        body of Christ itself.
  
        By approaching the sacrament without discernment -- without recognizing   
        that the Church is the universal ¡]catholic¡^ body of Christ, and not   
        merely the physical social-political entity made up of those who hold   
        particular doctrines in common against others -- one disparages the   
        Glorified Christ.
  
        Looking Above for Peace
        It was for this reason that Schwenckfeld so   
        strongly opposed the Anabaptist Pilgram Marpeck. Marpeck and the   
        Anabaptists ¡]later Mennonites¡^ attended to the historical Jesus of   
        Nazareth. Schwenckfeld was not opposed to this attention and certainly   
        not to the Anabaptists' attempt to imitate the life of the earthly   
        Jesus. What he asked of them in addition was that they "lift up   
        their hearts" to the image of the Glorified Christ so as not to   
        become only caught up in concerns for purity of their local and limited   
        congregational life.
  
        And the theology of the Glorified Christ is also the context in which   
        Schwenckfeld's often-noted concern for religious toleration arises. His   
        is not a political position ¡]as is that of, for example, the American   
        Constitution¡^; it is a theological one.
  
        One confesses the glory of Christ, not by supposing that all religious   
        opinions are of equal value, and effectively holding that they are   
        matters of taste and that in such matter one person's opinion is as good   
        as another's.
  
        For Schwenckfeld religious toleration depended not on looking below   
        oneself but on contemplating above one's possibilities. Only when all   
        believers had raised their sights to the One above all others, would the   
        suspension of the sacrament come to an end in reality, a hope toward   
        which he reached throughout his life, and for which he still yearned, we   
        are given to understand, when he died in the home of friends in the city   
        of Ulm in 1561. 
 
        
        ¬I¬£º¸¡]Speyer¡^
        ¬I¬£º¸«°¦ì©ó¼w°ê¦è«nªºµÜ¯ôªe¯`¡A¬°¤@¾ú¥v±y¤[ªº¬Fªv¡B¤å¤Æ¤¤¤ß¡C1526¦Ü1529¦~¶¡¡A¦¹³B´¿¥l¶}¤F¨â¦¸¬I¬£º¸·|ij¡A³B²z¯«¸tù°¨«Ò°ê¹Ò¤º¤Ñ¥D±Ð»P·s±Ðªº¶Õ¤O¯Éª§¡C¨ä¤¤ªº¬I¬£º¸¤j±Ð°ó¡A¬°¼»§Q¦w¬Ó«Ò±d¯Ç¼w¤G¥@¡]Konrad   
        II¡^©ó¤½¤¸1030¦~©Ò«Ø¡A¬°·í®É¬Ó®a³ß¼yªº³õ¦a¡C±Ð°óªº¦a¤U«Ç¸®¦³¤K¦ì¬Ó«Ò¡B¥|¦ì¬Ó¦Z¡B¥H¤Î¾ú¥N¦h¦ì¥D±Ð¡A²{¤w¦¨¬°Áp¦X°ê«OÅ@ªº¥jÂݤ§¤@¡C«°¤¤ªº¥t¤@®yµÛ¦W±Ð°ó¬°¤T¤@±Ð°ó¡]Trinity   
        church¡^¡A«Ø©ó¤Q¤K¥@¬öªì¡A¬°¤@¸ô¼w·|±Ð°ó¡A²{¤µªº«Ç¤º¸ËæC¤´«O¦³·í®Éªº¼Ë»ª¡C¥j¦ÑªºµS¤Ó¯D³õ¡A³Ì¦ªº¤åÄm°O¸ü¥i°l·¹¦Ü1126¦~¡A¬O¥»«°¤Q¤À«nªº¤å¤Æ¥j¸ñ¡C¬ö©À±Ð°ó¡]Memorial   
        Church¡^«Ø©ó1893¦Ü1904¦~¶¡¡A¥H¬ö©À1529¦~ªº¬I¬£º¸·|ij¡C
        
        ¶ø´µ³ù¡]Augsburg¡^
        ¶ø´µ³ù¦ì©ó¼w°ê«n³¡¤Ú¥ï§Q¨È¬Ùªº¤p«°¡A¬O¬I¥Ë¥»ªºº©²¡C¥D«e15¦~¥Ñù°¨¬Ó«Ò¶ø¥j´µ³£©Ò«Ø¡A¬°¤¤¥@¬öªº¶T©ö¤¤¤ß¡C¶ø´µ³ù¤S³QºÙ¬°´I®æ«°¡]Fuggers¡^¡A¦]«°¤¤¦í¦³¼Ú¬w³Ì¨ã¼vÅT¤Oªºª÷¿Ä¤j¸ë´I®æ®a±Ú¡]The   
        Fuggers¡^¡C´I®æ®a±Ú¥H»È¦æ·~°_®a¡A´¿¬°«¢¥¬´µ³ù¤ý±Úªº°]¬FÅU°Ý¡C¦]µÛ¥L̦b¦¹¾ã¦X¼w°ê«n¥_¤è¶T©ö¡A¨Ï±o¶ø´µ³ù¦¨¬°¼w°ê©M¼Ú¬wªºª÷¿Ä¤¤¤ß¹F¼Æ¤Q¦~¤§¤[¡C¦Ü¤µ¡A¶ø´µ³ù¥«¤¤¤ßÁÙ«O¯d¤F³QºÙ¬°¡u«°¤¤«°¡vªº´I®æ©²²Ä¡C1530¦~¡A¼w¬Ó¬d²z¤¥@¦b¦¹¥l¶}·|ij¡A¾¥Äõ¹y¥Nªí¸ô¼wµoªí¤FµÛ¦Wªº¡m¶ø´µ³ù«H±ø¡n¡C
        ¥«¬FÆU©M§O©Ô©_¶ð¡]Perlach Tower¡^¬Oªüº¸¨õ´µ¤s¥_±³Ì«nªº¤åÃÀ´_¿³®É´Á«Ø¿v¡A¬ù«Ø©ó1615-1620¦~¡C¸t¯Q·ç©_¡]§ó¥¿±Ð¡^©M¸tªüºÖ¡]¤Ñ¥D±Ð¡^±Ð°ó¬O¤@®y¥H¤åÃÀ´_¿³©M¤Ú¬¥§J·®æ¸Ë¹¢ªº±ß´Áô¼w¦¡«Ø¿v¡C¥H¸tº¿¹F½¬¨º×¹D°|§ï«ØªºÃ¹°¨³Õª«À]¡A«O¦s¤F³\¦hù°¨®É´Áªº¬ü³N«~¡C¦P¼Ë¬O×¹D°|§ï«Øªº¸t¦w¨º±Ð°ó¡A²{¤w¦¨¬°°¨¤B¸ô¼w³Õª«À]¡C¥Ñ¶®¦U´I®æ©ó1516¦~ªº´I®æ©²¡A¬O¤@®y¥j¦¡ªº«Ø¿v¡C
  
        ¬I°¨¥[µn¡]Schmalkalden¡^
        ¬I°¨¥[µn¦ì©ó¼w°ê¤¤³¡¹ÏªL®Ú¬Ù¡A±q¤¤¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó§Y¬°ª÷Äݤu·~ªº¤¤¤ß¡C1531¦~¡A¾ÖÅ@¸ô¼wªº¼w°ê¤ý«J̦b¦¹¦¨¥ß¬I°¨¥[µnÁp·ù¡C1536¦~©³¡A¸ô¼w¦b¦¹§¹¦¨¤F¡m¬I°¨¥[µn«H±ø¡n¡Aªí©ú¦Û¤vªº«H¥õ¥ß³õ¡F¦Ó¸ô¼w·í¦~¾n¯d¼g§@ªº®È©±¡A¥ç³Q§¹¾ãªº«O¦s¤U¨Ó¡C
        C®³¡]Jena¡^
        C®³¥ç¬°©ó¹ÏªL®Ú¬Ù¤º¡A¦³¼w°ê¡uºñ¦â¤§¤ß¡vªº¬üÅA¡C1523¦Ü1524¦~¡A³o¸Ì´¿¬O¸ô¼w§ï±Ðªº«Âí¡C:1527¦~¡A¶Â¦º¯fŧÀ»«ÂÄ˳ù¡A¸ô¼w´¿¦b¿ï«J¬ù¿«ªºn¨D¤U¡A¨Ó¦¹Á×Ãø¡A«á¾E¦Ü¤h§Q¥»¡]Schlieben¡^¡Cº¸«á¸ô¼w¬£¤Àµõ¡A¤Ï¹ï¾¥Äõ¹yªº¤H¤h¦b¦¹ÂX¥R¾Ç®Õ¡A©ó1558¦~³]¸m¤j¾Ç¡A¥vC®³¦¨¤F¤@Ó¤H¤å®ð®§¿@«pªº¤j¾Ç«°¡C
        ùÄ˳ù¡]Regensburg¡^
        ùÄ˳ù¦ì©ó¬üÄRªº¦h·êªe©¤¡A¬O³\¦h²î°¦¯è¦æªº°_ÂI¡A±o¤Ñ¿W«pªº¬ö¿ý¤F¼w°ê¨â¤d¦~¨Óªº¾ú¥v¡A¬O¼w°ê³Ì¨ã¯S¦âªº¾ú¥v«O¦s°Ï¡C«°¤¤¦³³\¦h¬Ã¶Qªº¥jÂÝ©M«Ø¿v¡A¥«¥ß¬ü³NÀ]¤¤ªººë¬ü¦¬ÂáA§ó¨Ï¦¹³B¼W¦â¤£¤Ö¡CùÄ˳ùªº¸t©¼±o¤j±Ð°ó¡A¬O¤Ú¥ï§Q¨È°Ï³Ì«nªºô¼w¦¡«Ø¿v¤§¤@¡C¥v¤¦¯Ç·ç¥Û¾ô¡]Steinerne Brucke¡^¡A«Ø©ó1135¦Ü1146¦~¶¡¡A¬O¼w°ê²{¦s³Ì¥j¦Ñªº¥Û¾ô¡C³o¸ÌªºÂÂ¥«¬FÆU¡A¬O¥þ¼wº®yij·|«Ø¿v¡A¤]¬O¥Ã«í«Ò°ê·|ij¡]everlasting   
        Imperial Diet¡^Á|¦æªº¦a¤è¡C¦¹¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¼w¤ý¤l«°³ù¡A쬰¤@×¹D°|¡A¤Q¤E¥@¬ö®ÉÂX«Ø¦¨²{¦bªº«°³ù¼Ë¦¡¡C
 
        ¯Qº¸©i¡]Ulm¡^
        ¯Qº¸©i¬°¤¤¥@¬öªº¬Ó«°¡A¤]¬O¦h·êªeªº°Ó·~¤¤¤ß¡C«°¤¤ªº¯Qº¸©i¤j±Ð°ó¡A¬O¼w°êªº²Ä¤G¤j±Ð°ó¡A¶È¦¸©ó¬ì¶©¤j±Ð°ó¡C±Ð°óªº¦y³»°ª161.5¤½¤Ø¡A¬O¥þ¥@¬É³Ì°ªªº±Ð°ó¦y³»¡A¤Ñ®ð¦nªº®ÉÔ¡A¥i¥H±q¦y³»¤Wª½±µ²·±æªüº¸¨õ´µ¤s¡C±Ð°ó¤¤ªº°Û¸Ö®u¡A¬O²{¦sô¼w¦¡«Ø¿v¤¤¡A³Ì¬üÄRªº¤@Ó°Û¸Ö®u¡C¹jµÛ¦h·êªe»»»»¬Û¹ïªº·s¯Qº¸©i¡]Neu-Ulm¡^¡A¬O¤@Ó·s¿³ªº¤Ú¥ï§Q¨È¤pÂí¡A¬°¯Qº¸©iªº©n©f«°¥«¡C«°¤¤¦³¬I®ûªÌ¬ù¿«±Ð°ó¡]Expressionist Church of St. John the Baptist¡^¥H¤Î¤Ú¬¥§J«ÂÆF®Ú×¹D°|¡]Baroque Wiblingen Abbey¡^¡A¥H¤Î¬¥¥i¥i·®æªº´µ¥Ë¤ñ¨È¤åª«À]¡C
        ¯Q¯÷³ù¡]Wurzburg¡^
        Áô¨S¦b¤s³¥¸²µå¶é¤¤ªº¯Q¯÷³ù¡A¤£¶È¬O¤@®y¾ú¥vªº¥j«°¡A¤]¬O¤@ӥͮð¯sµMªº¤j¾Ç«°¡C«°¤¤ªº¤¤¥@¬ö«°³ù¢w°¨¯ô³ù¡] Marienberg¡^¡AÁÀý¨Ã¦uÅ@µÛµÛ¾ã®y¬üÄRªº¥j«°¡C³o¸Ì¤]¬O¼w°ê®öº©¤j¹Dªº°_ÂI¡A«O¦sµÛ³\¦h¤£¦P®É´ÁªºÃÀ³N»P«Ø¿v§@«~¡C«°¤ºªº®cªó¡]Residenz 
        Palace¡^¡A¬O¼w°ê«n³¡³Ì«nªº¤Ú¬¥§J«Ø¿v¡A¤w³QÁp¦X°ê¦C¬°¥@¬É¿ò²£¡C¤¤¥@¬öªº°¨¯ô³ù¡A³Qµø¬°¬O³Qµø¬°¯Q¯÷³ùªº«n¦a¼Ð¡A1719¦~¥H«e¡A³o¸Ì¬O¬Ó«Ç¥D±Ðªº¦í©Ò¡C¦¹¥~¡AÂÂÂí¤¤ÁÙ¦³³\¦h¾ú¥v©Êªº±Ð°ó¡B¸t¤H¹Ó¦a¡B¥H¤Î¬¥¥i¥i«Ø¿v¡C
 
        
        ¥j®x®Ú¡]Gottingen¡^
 
        ¥j®x®Ú¦ì©ó¤UÂħJ´Ë¥§¡]Lower  
        Saxony¡^¡A«¢¯÷¤s¡]Harz¡^»P½Ã´µº¸ªe¡]Weser¡^¤§¶¡¡A¬O¤@®y¾ú¥v±y¤[ªº¥j«°¡A¤]¬O¤@®y¤H¤åîPµÑªº¤j¾Ç«°¡C«°¤¤¦³³\¦h¤¤¥@¬öªº¾ú¥v«Ø¿v¡A¦p¥«¬FÆU¡B±Ð°ó¡B©ÐªÙµ¥¡C¥«¬FÆU¬OÂÂÂíªº¤¤¤ß¡A§¤¸¨¦b¥«¬F¼s³õ¤W¡A¤º¦³¤¤¥@¬ö®É´Áªº·|ij«Ç¡BºÊº»¡B¥H¤Î³\¦h¬üÄRªº¾Àµe¡C¦¹¥~¡A¸t¶®¦U¡]St  
        Jacob¡^©M¸t¬ù¿«¥§´µ¡]St Johannis¡^±Ð°ó¡A¥ç¬°«°¤¤¦³¦W«Ø¿v¡C
 
        ®öº©¤j¹D¡]The   
        Romantic Road¡^
  
         ¯Q¯÷³ù¨ìºÖ´Ë¡]Fuessen¡^¤§¶¡ªº¹D¸ô¡A¬O¼w°ê·¥t²±¦Wªº¥ð¶¢ªL®|¡A¯À¦³¡u®öº©¤j¹D¡v¡]Romantic  
        Road¡^¤§¬üÅA¡C®öº©¤j¹Dªø¬ù220^ù¡A±q½q¦]ªeª½³q©¹ªüº¸¨õ´µ¤s¡Aªu³~·´ºÀu¬ü¡A¯Q¯÷³ù®cªó¡B¤Ú¥ï§Q¨È°ê¤ý¸ô±o·Å¤G¥@¡]Ludwig  
        II¡^ªº¹Ú¤Û«°³ù¡B¥H¤Î¬ü°ê¦b¿ÕªL®Ú¡]Noerdlingen¡^©Ò³]¡A±Mªù¥Î¥H°V½m¤ÓªÅ¤H¤ë²yº©¨BªºRies Crater¡C
 
        ¤W¤@½g¢x¦^¥Ø¿ý¢x¤U¤@½g